ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF SENKYUNOLIDE A 381 as compared with a known lipase inhibitor, orlistat (data not shown, 100 μg ml-1, 45.94%). Overall, COH (100 μg ml-1, 31.94%) and SA (10 μg ml-1, 51.36%) had lipase inhibition properties. LIPOXYGENASE INHIBITION ACTIVITY The infl ammatory pathways in volve lipoxygenases (LOXs) that c atalyze the addition of molecular oxygen to fatty acids such as arachidonic acid to produce unstable hydro- peroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (hyperoxides) (13). Therefore, the in vitro inhibition of li- poxygenase represents a good model for the screening of anti-infl ammatory activity in plants. Antilipoxygenase activity was also measured as inhibition of the peroxidation of linoleic acid to hydroperoxy linoleic acid, a reaction which is catalyzed by lipoxygenase. LOX inhibition activity results are shown in Figure 2, compared with a known lipase inhibitor, NDGA (data not shown, 100 μg ml-1, 37.88% ± 2.12%). The COH inhibited LOX ac- tivity at lower concentrations (10 μg ml-1). Overall, COH (100 μg ml-1, 31.94%) and SA (10 μg ml-1, 51.36%) had the lipase inhibition properties. Figure 1. Effects of COH fraction and SA on pancreatic lipase inhibition acti v ity. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *p value 0.05. (A) COH and (B) SA. Figure 2. Effects of COH fraction and SA on lipoxygenase inhibition activity. D a ta are presented as mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *p value 0.05. (A) COH and (B) SA.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 382 ANTI-INFLAMMATION ACTIVITY To investigate the anti-infl ammatory effects of COH and SA, we stimulated the RAW 264.7 cells with LPS, treated cells using various concentrations of COH and SA, and measured the production of infl ammatory mediators. Cell survival was measured by MTT assay. COH and SA did not show toxicity up to concentrations of 50 μg ml-1. As shown in Figure 3, LPS treatment produced high levels of NO. However, COH and SA treatment signifi cantly decreased the production of NO in a dose-dependent manner. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Here, we identifi ed the antibacterial and anti-infl ammatory activities of C. offi cinale plant extracts, prepared using a 70% ethanol solvent, and then partitioned with Hex. C. offi cinale hexane fraction and senkyunolide A showed antibacterial activity against test bacteria (P. acne and M. furfur). Some studies have reported that senkyunolide A has cytoprotective and antiproliferative activities and protects against cell injuries (14). NO and cytokines have been implicated as important factors in the infl amma- tory pathway. C. offi cinale hexane fraction and senkyunolide A decreased the produc- tion of NO in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, these products may be used for treating skin diseases including acne, dandruff, and skin erythema. In conclusion, C. offi cinale plant extract and senkyunolide A possess antibac terial and anti-infl ammatory activities. They could be used as antibacterial and anti-infl ammatory ingredients in various industries. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industr y, and Energy (M OTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT), through the Encouragement Program for the Industries of Economic Cooperation Region (P0002162). Figure 3. Effects of COH fraction and SA on anti-infl ammatory activity. Cells wer e pretreated with tested samples (various concentrations of COH and SA) for 1 h, followed by treatment with LPS (1 μM) and incubation for 24 h. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *p value 0.05. (A) COH, (B) SA.