In conclusion, the stability of PLO gel has to be maintained without phase separation at low temperature, room temperature, and constant temperature to evaluate the suitability of PLO gel as a cosmetic ingredient. In particular, stability has to be maintained without fl owability at cold temperatures. Moreover, because excessively high viscoelasticity may infl uence the texture and application of the formulation when spreading it on the skin, the formulation with adequate viscoelasticity seems to be most appropriate. Based on the previous fi ndings, the formulation #2–3 is suggested as the most suitable PLO gel in cosmetic formulations. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Th is research was supported by the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE), Korea Institute for Advancement of Technology (KIAT) through the Encouragement Program for The Industries of Economic Cooperation Region (P0002162). REFERENCES (1) H. E. Jin, J. H . Kim, and I. Y. Paik, Transdermal drug delivery system, J. Korean Ind. Eng. Chem., 16(1), 15–20 (2005). (2) B. W. Barry, D r ug delivery routes in skin: a novel approach. Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 54, 31–40 (2002). (3) S. Saha, R. Sh i varajakumar, and V. Karri, Pluronic lecithin organogels: an effective topical and transder- mal, ISJPRS, 9(11), 4540–4550 (2018). (4) J. Hadgraft an d M. E. Lane, Skin permeation: the years of enlightenment. Int. J. Pharm., 305(1–2), 2–11 (2005). (5) M. Foldvari, N o n-invasive administration of drugs through the skin: challenges in delivery system de- sign. PSST, 3(12) 417–425 (2000). (6) H. C. Ansel, P h armaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, N. G. Popovich and L. V. Al- len, Eds. (Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA, 1995), 357. (7) J. Franckum, D . Ramsay, N. G. Das, and S. K. Das, Pluronic lecithin organogel for local delivery of anti-infl ammatory drugs, Int. J. Pharm. Comp., 8(2), 101–105 (2004). (8) R. Kumar and O . P. Katare, Lecithin organogels as a potential phospholipid-structured system for topical drug delivery: a review, AAPS PharmSciTech, 6(2), 299–310 (2005). (9) M. Pandey, V. B elgamwar, S. Ganttani, S. Surana, and A. Tekade, Pluronic lecithin organogel as a topi- cal drug delivery, Drug Deliv., 17(1), 38–47 (2010). (10) V. S. Belgamw a r, M. S. Pdney, D. S. Chauk, and S. J. Surana, Pluronic lecithin organogel, Asian J. Pharm., 2(3), 134–138 (2008). (11) S. Murdan, A r eview of pluronic lecithin organogel as a topical and transdermal drug delivery system, Hosp. Pharm., 12, 267–270 (2005). (12) P. Terech and R. G. Weiss, Low molecular mass gelators of organic liquids and the properties of their gels, Chem. Rev., 97(8), 3133–3159 (1997). (13) K. E. Hill, P . C. Mills, B. R. Jones, C. F. Bolwell, D. Aberdein, and J. P. Chambers, Percutaneous ab- sorption of methimazole: an in vitro study of the absorption pharmacokinetics for two different vehicles, J. Vet. Pharmacol. Ther., 38(6), 616–618 (2015). (14) A. S. Hickey and N. A. Peppas, Mesh size and diffusive characteristics of semicrystalline poly (vinyl alcohol) membranes prepared by freezing/thawing techniques, J. Membr. Sci., 107, 229–237 (1995). (15) M. M. Adbel-Mottaleb, N. D. Mortada, A. A. Elshamy, and G. A. Awad, Preparation and evaluation of fl uconazole gels, Egypt. J. Biomed. Sci., 23(1), 266–286 (2007). (16) H. Almeida, M. H. Amaral, P. Lobão, and J. M. S. Lobo, Pluronic F-127 and pluronic lecithin organogel (PLO gel): main features and their applications in topical and transdermal administration of drugs, J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 15(4), 592–605 (2012). ( 17) C. L. Esposito, P. Kirilov, and V. G. Roullin, Organogels, promising drug delivery systems: an update of state-of-the-art and recent applications, J. Control. Release, 271, 1–20 (2018). PREPARATION AND EVALUATION OF PLURONIC LECITHIN ORGANOGELS 345
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