Table V Absolute Parameters of Forearm in Different Formulations Formulation codes Uf (total deformation) Ur (retraction) Ue (elastic deformation) Uv (viscoelasticity) 1stweek 2ndweek 4thweek 1stweek 2ndweek 4thweek 1stweek 2ndweek 4thweek 1stweek 2ndweek 4thweek Cc0 0.210 ± 0.002 0.210 ± 0.003 0.200 ± 0.004 0.082 ± 0.001 0.084 ± 0.002 0.085 ± 0.003 0.150 ± 0.002 0.147 ± 0.003 0.144 ± 0.005 0.124 ± 0.002 0.121 ± 0.001 0.118 ± 0.002 Bc0 0.208 ± 0.001 0.207 ± 0.002 0.198 ± 0.002 0.085 ± 0.002 0.104 ± 0.001 0.107 ± 0.002 0.146 ± 0.002 0.146 ± 0.004 0.143 ± 0.002 0.118 ± 0.003 0.118 ± 0.002 0.116 ± 0.001 Cc1 0.177 ± 0.004 0.167 ± 0.005 0.160 ± 0.004 0.106 ± 0.002 0.117 ± 0.002 0.118 ± 0.001 0.145 ± 0.001 0.142 ± 0.002 0.139 ± 0.002 0.100 ± 0.002 0.088 ± 0.003 0.083 ± 0.002 Cc2 0.160 ± 0.002 0.158 ± 0.001 0.150 ± 0.003 0.110 ± 0.003 0.119 ± 0.003 0.120 ± 0.002 0.142 ± 0.002 0.141 ± 0.001 0.135 ± 0.003 0.096 ± 0.001 0.085 ± 0.002 0.080 ± 0.001 Ac1 0.215 ± 0.003 0.205 ± 0.002 0.200 ± 0.001 0.105 ± 0.004 0.105 ± 0.004 0.108 ± 0.003 0.146 ± 0.003 0.141 ± 0.003 0.140 ± 0.001 0.102 ± 0.002 0.094 ± 0.003 0.087 ± 0.002 Ac2 0.210 ± 0.002 0.204 ± 0.003 0.194 ± 0.002 0.107 ± 0.001 0.110 ± 0.003 0.114 ± 0.002 0.145 ± 0.001 0.145 ± 0.002 0.139 ± 0.003 0.102 ± 0.001 0.100 ± 0.002 0.090 ± 0.003 Kc1 0.210 ± 0.004 0.201 ± 0.004 0.196 ± 0.000 0.104 ± 0.002 0.102 ± 0.001 0.103 ± 0.002 0.145 ± 0.001 0.144 ± 0.002 0.141 ± 0.002 0.104 ± 0.000 0.103 ± 0.002 0.095 ± 0.003 Kc2 0.200 ± 0.003 0.200 ± 0.002 0.190 ± 0.002 0.099 ± 0.003 0.103 ± 0.000 0.105 ± 0.001 0.142 ± 0.002 0.146 ± 0.002 0.140 ± 0.003 0.101 ± 0.002 0.096 ± 0.003 0.093 ± 0.002 Tc1 0.170 ± 0.002 0.169 ± 0.003 0.150 ± 0.004 0.117 ± 0.004 0.118 ± 0.003 0.119 ± 0.002 0.144 ± 0.002 0.142 ± 0.001 0.140 ± 0.002 0.091 ± 0.001 0.090 ± 0.003 0.083 ± 0.002 Tc2 0.168 ± 0.001 0.160 ± 0.004 0.146 ± 0.003 0.117 ± 0.001 0.119 ± 0.001 0.120 ± 0.002 0.143 ± 0.003 0.143 ± 0.002 0.140 ± 0.001 0.087 ± 0.002 0.086 ± 0.001 0.070 ± 0.002 Hc1 0.162 ± 0.001 0.160 ± 0.003 0.148 ± 0.001 0.113 ± 0.003 0.116 ± 0.002 0.117 ± 0.001 0.140 ± 0.003 0.138 ± 0.002 0.137 ± 0.002 0.088 ± 0.003 0.086 ± 0.001 0.071 ± 0.002 Hc2 0.160 ± 0.002 0.158 ± 0.001 0.146 ± 0.001 0.115 ± 0.001 0.118 ± 0.001 0.119 ± 0.001 0.140 ± 0.002 0.139 ± 0.001 0.135 ± 0.002 0.084 ± 0.001 0.080 ± 0.002 0.070 ± 0.004 n= 3, M ± SD (M= mean SD= standard deviation) p 0.05 as compared to baseline and base cream. JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 128

HERBAL FORMULATIONS FOR SKIN IMPROVEMENT 129 Figure 2. Melanin determination of various formulations before and after one-week, two-week, and four- week periods of application on the volar forearm. Here Cc0 is the baseline value (value without application of formulation). Statistical analysis showed signifi cant differences between baseline values and from the formulation-treated areas ( p 0.01). Figure 3. Skin hydration studies of various formulations before and after one-week, two-week, and four- week periods of application on the volar forearm. Statistical analysis showed signifi cant differences between baseline values and from the formulation-treated areas (p 0.001). CONCLUSIONS This study observed a signifi cant improvement in skin moisturizing and mechanical properties following the use of several herbal formulations having photochemoprotective properties. These benefi cial affects might be due to the synergistic anti-oxidant, anti- infl ammatory, and ultraviolet-radiation-protective properties of the herbal ingredients and components of cream formulations. The Cinnamon, Centella, and Tamarindus ex- tract formulations (1% and 3% w/w) gave highly signifi cant results as compared to the