POLYMER EFFECT ON SPF AND WATER RESISTANCE 221 The current study describes in detail the mechanism of action of VA/butyl maleate/iso- bornyl acrylate copolymer (Advantage® Plus) with regard to imparting water resistance and boosting SPF in anhydrous sunscreen formulations. The effect of the polymer was compared to that of acrylates/octylacrylamide copolymer since the latter is used extensively in anhydrous spray sunscreen formulations. The experimental design and methodologies used in this paper could be used by scientists in the fi eld to understand the mechanistic effects of other polymers. REFERENCES (1) L. E. Agrapidis-Paloympis, R. A. Nash, and N. A. Shaath, The effect of solvents on the ultraviolet ab- sorbance of sunscreens., J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 38, 209–221 (1987). (2) N. Shaath, H. M. Fares, and K. Klein, Photodegradation of sunscreen chemicals: Solvent considerations, Cosmet. Toiletr., 105, 41–44 (1990). (3) E. Chatelain and B. Gabard, Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by Bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new broad fi lter, J. Photochem. Photobiol., 74, 401–406 (2001). (4) A. Defl andre and G. Lang, Photostability assessment of sunscreens: Benzylidene camphor and dibenoyl- methane derivatives, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 10, 53–62 (1998). (5) D. Moyal, K. Wichrowski, and C. Tricaud, In vivo persistent pigment darkening method: A demonstra- tion of the reproducibility of the UVA protection factors results at several testing laboratories, Photoder- matol. Photoimmunol. Photomed., 22, 124–128 (2006). (6) L. Fageon, D. Moyal, M. Coutet, and D. Candau, Importance of sunscreen products spreading protocol and substrate roughness for in vitro sun protection factor assessment, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 31, 405–417 (2009). (7) R. M. Sayre, In vitro sunscreen testing: The vehicle effect, Cosmet. Toiletr., 107, 105–110 (1992). (8) C. F. Jones, A new polymeric additive for sunscreen, SÖFW J., 121 (1995). (9) B. Markovic, D. Laura, and M. Rerek, A laboratory method for measuring the water resistance of sun- screens, Cosmet. Toiletr., 116, 61–68 (2001). (10) Federal Register Vol. 64, No. 98: 27690 (1999).
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