JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 474 tance. Growth in consumer acceptance is also heavily dependent on the performance prop- erties of green cosmetics. Their performance can be engineered by exploring interactions between traditional surfactants and polymers, and their bio-based alternatives which have been discussed extensively in this article. Furthermore, biosurfactants and biopolymers can be rheologically modifi ed and explored as discussed by Xu and Amin (15). This is a scarcely investigated area which presents researchers with a plethora of opportunities. To day, there is a highly anticipated evolution transpiring across the entire product life cycle of the cosmetics industry—right from sourcing raw materials for commercial-scale production—all the way up to fi nal market appeal. From a scientifi c standpoint, the design stage of cosmetics is a key factor in incorporating sustainability into the product life cycle. The design stage should address the principles of green chemistry and green engineering, which calls for studying fundamental molecular properties and transformations. On the consumer end, with evolving demands and industry regulations, there is a need for high- throughput and high-output research in the formulation space. This can be achieved by introducing automation platforms to the formulation process. Automation can meet the large volume requirement for customization techniques and can provide companies with fl exibility in formulation without time and cost constraints, and can hence enable more iterative investigation into structure, property, and performance. In the coming years, it is inevitable that with research in this fi eld picking up pace, there will be a complete metamorphosis of the cosmetics industry into a model that is highly sustainable and automized. RE FERENCES ( 1 ) V. Dimitrova, M. Kaneva, and T. Gallucci, Customer knowledge management in the natural cosmetics industry, Ind. Manag. Data Syst., 109, 1155–1165 (2009). ( 2 ) J. Zimmerman, P. Anastas, H. Erythropel, and W. Leitner, Designing for a green chemistry future, Science, 367, 397–400 (2020). ( 3 ) S. Srivastava, Green supply-chain management: a state-of-the-art literature review, Int. J. Manag. Rev., 9(1), 53–80 (2007). ( 4 ) P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice (Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1998). ( 5 ) I. M. Banat, S. K. Satpute, S. S. Cameotra, R. Patil, and N. V. Nyayanit, Cost effective technologies and renewable substrates for biosurfactants’ production, Front. Microbiol., 12(5), 697 (2014). ( 6 ) D. K. F. Santos, Y. B. Brandão, R. D. Rufi no, J. M. Luna, A. A. Salgueiro, V. A. Santos, and L. A. Sarubbo, Optimization of cultural conditions for biosurfactant production from Candida lipolytica, Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol., 3, 48–57 (2014). (7 ) D. K. F. Santos, R. D. Rufi no, J. M. Luna, V. A. Santos, A. A. Salgueiro, and L. A. Sarubbo, Synthesis and evaluation of biosurfactant produced by Candida lipolytica using animal fat and corn steep liquor, J. Petrol. Sci. Eng., 105, 43–50 (2013). (8 ) A. Khanafari, R. Marandi, and S. Sanatei, Recovery of chitin and chitosan from shrimp waste by chemical and microbial methods, Iran. J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 5(1), 1–24 (2008). (9 ) I. D. Hay, Z. Ur Rehman, M. F. Moradali, Y. Wang, and B. H. Rehm, Microbial alginate production, modifi cation and its applications, Microb. Biotechnol., 6(6), 637–650 (2013). (1 0 ) R. Gentilini, S. Bozzini, F. Munarin, P. Petrini, L. Visai, and M. C. Tanzi, Pectins from aloe vera: extraction and production of gels for regenerative medicine, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 131(2), 2014. doi: 10.1002/app.39760. (11) S. Raposo, A. Salgado, G. Eccleston, M. Urbano, and H. M. Ribeiro, Cold processed oil-in-water emulsions for dermatological purpose: formulation design and structure analysis, Pharmaceut. Dev. Technol., 19, 417–429 (2014). (12 ) J. Beerling and A. Sahota, “Green standards, certifi cation and indices,” in Sustainability: How the Cosmet- ics Industry is Greening up, A. Sahota. Ed. (John Wiley & Sons, London, United Kingdom, 2014).
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