24 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE CONCLUSIONS Causes of hair damage, such as permanent waving, UV-irradiation, and weathering, all affected the binding of the S100A3 molecule to the adjacent cuticles. As a consequence of this, S 100A3 can be preferentially eluted from the inner part of the endocuticle during hair damage leading to the lifting of cuticular scales. S100A3 appears to be an important molecule closely associated with hair damage. REFERENCES (1) L.J. Wolfram and M. O. Lindemann, Some observations on the hair cuticle,J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 22, 839-850 (1971). (2) J. G. Gould and R. L. Sneath, Electron microscopy-image analysis: Quantification of ultrastructural changes in hair fiber cross sections as a result of cosmetic treatment,J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 36, 53-59 (1985). (3) K. Kizawa, H. Uchiwa, and U. Murakami, Highly expressed S100A3, a calcium binding protein, in human hair cuticle, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1312, 94-98 (1996). (4) B. Moore, A soluble protein characteristic of the nervous system, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 19, 739-744 (1965). (5) D. Engelkamp, B.W. Schiifer, M.G. Mattei, P. Erne, and C.W. Heizmann, Six S100 genes are clustered on human chromosome lq21: Identification of two genes coding for the two previously unreported calcium-binding proteins S100D and S100E, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A., 90, 6547-6551 (1993). (6) K. Kizawa, S. Tsuchimoto, K. Hashimoto, and H. Uchiwa, Gene expression of mouse S100A3, a cysteine-rich calcium binding protein, in developing hair follicle, J. Invest. Dermatol., 111,879-886 (1998). (7) T. Takizawa, T. Takizawa, S. Atai, K. Kizawa, H. Uchiwa, I. Sasaki, and T. Inoue, Ultrastructural localization of S100A3, a cysteine-rich, calcium binding protein, in human scalp hair shafts revealed by rapid-freezing immunocytochemistry, J. Histochem. Cytochem., 47, 525-532 (1999). (8) U. G. F/Shr, C. W. Heizmann, D. Engelkamp, B. W. Schiifer, and J. A. Cox, Purification and cation binding properties of the recombinant human S100 calcium-binding protein A3, an EF-hand motif protein with high affinity for zinc, J. Bid. Chem., 270, 21056-21061 (1995). (9) M. M. Bradford, A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding, Anal. Biochem., 72, 248-254 (1976). (10) H. Schiigger and G. von Jagow, Tricine-sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for the separation of proteins in the range from 1 to 100 kDa, Anal. Biochem., 166, 368-379 (1989). (11) J. A. Swift and B. Bews, The chemistry of human hair cuticle. I: A new method for the physical isolation of cuticle,J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 24, 13-22 (1974). (12) B.C. Powell and G.E. Rogers, "The Role of Keratin Proteins and Their Genes in the Growth, Structure and Properties of Hair," in Formation and Structure of Human Hair, P. Joll•s, H. Zhan, and H. H/Scker, Eds. (Briskhiiuser Verlag, Basel 1997), pp. 59-148. (13) S. Kanetaka, K. Miyata, and Y. Nakamura, Characterization of nonkeratinous proteins extracted from human hair by permanent wave lotion, J. Soc. Cos. Chem. Jpn., 24, 5-12 (1987). (14) M. Oku, H. Nishimura, and H. Kanehisa, Dissolution of proteins from hair. II: The analysis of proteins dissolved into permanent waving agent and the evaluation of hair damage,J. Soc. Cos. Chem. Jpn., 21, 204-209 (1987). (! 5) S.S. Sandhu and C. R. Robbins, A sensitive fluorescence technique using dansyl chloride to assess hair damage, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 40, 287-296 (1989). (16) G. Mahrle, W. Sterry, and C. E. Orfanos, "The Use of Scanning-Electron Microscopy to Assess Damage of Hair," in Hair Research, C. E. Orfanos, W. Montagna, and G. Stuttgen, Eds. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1981), pp. 524-528. (17) R. Kon, A. Nakamura, N. Hirabayashi, and K. Takeuchi, Analysis of the damaged components of permed hair using biochemical technique, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 49, 13-22 (1998). (18) G. Fritz, C.W. Heizmann, and P.M. H. Kroneck, Probing the structure of the human Ca 2+ and
HAIR DAMAGE WITH S 100A3 ELUTION 25 Zn2+-binding protein S100A3: Spectroscopic investigations of its transition metal ion complexes, and three-dimensional structural model, Blochim. Biophys. Acta, 1448, 264-276 (1998). (19) R. Wickerr, Disulfide bond reduction in permanent waving, Cosmet. Toiletr., 106, 37-47 (1991). (20) E. Tolgyesi, Weathering of hair, Cosmet. Toiletr., 98, 29-32 (1983). (21) I.J. Kaplin, A. Schwan, and H. Zahn, Effects of cosmetic treatments on the ultrastructure of hair, Cosmet. Toiletr., 97, 22-26 (1982). (22) C. Dubief, Experiments with hair photodegradation, Cosmet. Toiletr., 107, 95-102 (1992). (23) S.S. Sandhu and C. R. Robbins, A simple and sensitive technique, based on protein loss measurements, to assess surface damage to human hair, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 44, 163-175 (1993). (24) M. Oku, H. Nishimura, and H. Kanehisa, Dissolution of proteins from hair. I: The analysis of dissolved proteins from bleached hair, J. Soc. Cos. Chem. Jpn., 21, 198-203 (1987). (25) S. B. Ruetsch and H.-D. Weigmann, Mechanism of tensile stress release in the keratin fiber cuticle: I,J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 47, 13-26 (1996). (26) J. A. Swift, Fine details on the surface of human hair, Int. J. Costnet. Sci., 13, 143-159 (1991).
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