32 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE ,• 50% ß 45% E ß 40% o ß - 35% E 3O% m 25% r- 20% m 15% o 10% r- 5% u) 0% Tested Product •complex [] co ntro I Figure 1. Skin-smoothing effects of two cream preparations: percentage of relative improvement after four weeks of skin treatment. Results determined by a computer-aided laser profilometric analysis of the skin surface. Mean of 20 subjects + SEM. Table III SC Hydration State After Application of Control (vehicle cream) and the Same Cream Enriched With 5% Triple D Complex TM, as Determined by Corneometer Analysis Time Mean SD Variance N Control (vehicle cream) Cream + 5% Triple D Complex TM Initial values 81.8 5.47 28.09 20 After 8 hr 88.2 5.42 28.53 20 After 12 hr 85.9 5.52 31.44 20 Initial values 83.4 5.3 26.4 20 After 8 hr 92.1 5.2 25.59 20 After 12 hr 88.6 4.8 21.84 20 calcium. The passive uptake of these elements occurred simultaneously with the release of potassium from the algal biomass. Typical biosorption values are shown in Table IV. The overall concentrations of the adsorbed elements were relatively low. The pH value, exposure time, and brine temperature were evaluated for their effects on the uptake of the elements. The pH value was found to be the most influential parameter. Biosorption of calcium and magnesium went up as the pH value increased. At pH values above 5.5, the obtained results may have been distorted by precipitation of mineral hydroxides. Thus, the optimal pH range for biosorption was defined as 5.0-5.5. Increased biosorp- tion was obtained between 10øC and 33øC. Minor changes were measured between 33øC and 40øC. The maximum mineral uptake was observed after 10-15 minutes exposure to the brine. A longer exposure period contributed only minor changes. The observed results, as shown in Figure 3, are in agreement with published data (6). Blank values relate to non-treated algae.

MINERAL-ALGAL-BOTANICAL COMPLEX 33 15% 12% 9% 6% 3% O% 8 12 Time (h) •complex ,•:• co ntro I Figure 2. Skin-moisturizing effects of two cream preparations. Percentage of relative improvement after eight and twelve hours of skin treatment, observed by corneometeric analysis of skin moisture. Mean of 20 subjects _+ SEM. Table IV Mineral Biosorption to Dunaliella salina CCAP 19/31 Biomass: Typical Values (measured in dry, acid-soluble biomass) Calcium (mg/g D.W. algae [mmol/g D.W. algae]) Magnesium (mg/g D.W. algae [mmol/g D.W. algae]) Potassium (mg/g D.W. algae [mmol/g D.W. algae]) Before biosorption 2.5 (0.06) 6.1 (0.25) 6.7 (0.1) After biosorption 30 (0.75) 12 (0.5) 0.28 (4.3 ß 10 -3) %Relative biosorption 1100% 100% -95% THE INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS PARAMETERS ON ELEMENT DESORPTION FROM DUNALIELLA SALINA The conditions for mineral desorption from saturated Dunaliella salina biomass were evaluated in order to determine and to predict the release ratio of minerals from the biomass to human skin. The influence of the pH of the solution (1.5-5), brine tem- perature (10ø-40øC), and exposure time (5-30 minutes) were simultaneously assessed. The relative desorption of calcium and magnesium were subjected to a linear analysis, and a model, predicting the desorption of minerals from the Dunaliella biomass, was suggested. Since the potassium concentratoin in the saturated biomass was very low, its measured values were excluded. The pH value was found to be the most influential parameter for both calcium and magnesium: as the pH decreased, desorption from the biomass correspondingly increased (p 0.01).