2004 ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC SEMINAR 417 dosage. Calculate SPF value= the ratio of erythema effective exposure for protected skin (Joules per square meter) (MED (PS)) to the erythema effective exposure for unprotected skin (Joules per square meter) (MED (US)) per the Final Monograph. UV A: JClA protocol PPD (persistent pigment darkening): Ten (n=lO) subjects of skin types II, III, and/or IV. 2@U cm2 application dosage. Irradiation with UV A (320-400 nm) by filtered solar simulator radiation with ratio of UV A I (340- 400) to UV A II (320-340 nm) close to that of natural sunlight. UV A Protection Factor (PFA) calculated as ratio of the minimal persistent pigment darkening dose (read at 2-4 hours) required to elicit dar ·ening a1 the product treated site versus the untreated site. Results: Smaller particle size generally yields higher SPF efficacy" but with less UV A absorption herice lower critical wavelength at lower particle size. See Table 2 below Particle size / 10nm 15 nm 20nm 21 nm 35 nm 180nm 1000 nm Properties .. . -- "'i-• ..._,.......-,i . ' •• �•• .. I SPF/%TI02 2.19 2.3 0.91 1.83 1.44 0.76 NIA Critical lambda 369.4 374 382.4 375.35 331.6 384.15 NIA UVA/UVB 0.419 0.509 0.752 0.533 0.726 0.811 NIA - 'R\ SPF/% Tl02 1.64 NIA 2.03 71.42 NIA NIA NIA Critical Lambda 370.85 NIA 379.45 374.7 NIA NIA NIA UVA/UVB 0.422 NIA 0.662 0.491 NIA NIA NIA ��I•-··. :·:"¥f-Jfflll SPF/%TI02 2.34 1.89 3.56 1.73 NIA NIA 0.37 Critical Lambda 367.35 373 380 376.6 NIA NIA 385.25 UVA/ UVB 0.394 0.494 0.701 0.546 NIA NIA 0.652 - Table 2. Particle size of Titanium Dioxides and sunscreen performance 11ro ,erties In comparing results with powders used as is and dispersed during processing of che emulsion, equivalent dispersions formulated and made prior to batch preparation give higher SPF values and slightly lower critical wavelengths. This would s ggest better dispersion in the skin film with higher UVB attenuation and better transparency. Draw down films demonstrate the increase transparency. Some anomalous results suggest that the disper ·ions are not optimized for that type emulsion and do not promote even distribmion in the skin film. Creams made with optimized liquid crystalline lamellar gel networks seem to � shifted out of balance when either the combination of dispersing agents interacts wit the gel network or the surf ace area of the inorganic sunscreen adsorbs hydrophilic surfactant from the ge] networ ·. See Table 3 below. TI02 s powder vs Dispersion TI02 ( 1 ) Dtaperston TI02 ( 2) DI pe Ion Tl02 ( 3) Dispersion TIO ( ) Dlsperalon (1) (2) (3) (4)

418 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE SPF/%Ti02 ,.,, . ... u 3.31 0.11 2.2t 1.IS 2.05 CrHlcal Lambda '11M u-.n - �· :m, 312.A 311.1 376.36 374.1 UVA/UVB .... '.M.'.' ..... o.sot 0.454 0.762 0.751 G.533 o.511 SPF Change - (♦) 46'1(. (+) 1-lr.� - ( ) f2'1i, SPF/%TI02 ·1,M'. 1.11 . --NIA NIA 2.03 1.29 1A2 .. 1.7 Crltlcal Lambda ,.... ,,. tll.1 NIA NIA 378.45 Sl1� 'S74.7 373,0,5 UVA/UVB DAIi U11 NIA NIA 0.112 0.701 0.491 G.41 SPF Change ( )31.1% (·)3". (♦)19.7% SPF/%Ti02 ue UI 1.111 2.75 _3� 3.17 1.73 1.05 Critical Lambda ... ..... 373 372 - 371.55 371.8 371.8 UVA/UVB .... Ml 0.414 0.414 0.701 o.� 0.54e G.624 SPF Change (♦)� (+)45.5% ( )11% ( -) 39.3'- Table 3. Sunscreen performance properties using powders versus formulated dispersions Formulation processing also has effects on the final efficacy of product films. In some cases the location of the particles is governed by order of addition so that a hydrophilic dispersion for example (3) easily disperses in a high surfactant O/W but is not homogeneous in an inverse emulsion or a less hydrophilic system as the gel network. Best results in these systems are achieved with direct addition to the oil phase of hydrophobic dispersions. See Table 4 below. TI02 as powder vs Dispersion SPF/%Ti02 Crltlcal Lambda UVA/UVB SPF Change ....... 0.11 ......... 312.A 2.21 381.85 1.51 381.2 0.705 (•)25.� TIOi Dl.,,.,.ion (4) (4)1noU (4)added 1.13 375.35 0.533 1A2 374.7 0.411 phaN last 2,05 1.51 371.1 1.7 1.74 373.0.5 373.35 0.47 (+) 197%