2006 ANNUAL SCIENTIFIC MEETING 79
Often cleaners will employ acids or bases as sources for hydrolysis, which help break down complex chemical
structures into more water-soluble entities. Chelating agents aid in limiting the effects of water hardness, and
can assist in the actual cleaning action, due to their sequestering and anti-redeposition characteristics. Other
chemistries used in formulated cleaners include solvents, enzymes, builders, and corrosion inhibitors. All of
these ingredients assist in cleaning the surface, protecting the substrate (surfaces), and rinsing the soil and
cleaning product away. Formulated cleaning products offer the advantage of providing a broad-spectrum
cleaning approach for many different product types.
Methods
Two commercially available cosmetic products, waterproof mascara and lip balm, were tested separately in
side-by-side cleaning studies. Each product (soil) was applied to a series of 316-grade stainless steel coupons,
7 .6 x 2.5 cm in size, covering approximately 11 cm2 of each coupon. The amount of soil varied with each
product. The soiled coupon was allowed to dry for 48 hours at ambient laboratory conditions. The coupons
were weighed before and after each product was applied, and after the cleaning process. The percentage of soil
removed is calculated by the weight difference before and after cleaning.
Three cleaning solutions were evaluated: deionized water, sodium hydroxide solution and a formulated
cleaner solution (which contains, among other ingredients, surfactant, chelating agents, and hydroxide). The
formulated cleaner was diluted in deionized water to 5% wt/wt. The sodium hydroxide was diluted to match
the alkalinity in the formulated cleaner.
Results and Discussion
The study depicted that the formulated cleaner had the best cleaning performance against these two cosmetic
soils. The sodium hydroxide solution did outperform deionized water, showing that, for these soils, alkaline
hydrolysis does provide some cleaning action. However, the cleaning is greatly improved when surfactants and
chelating agents are added to the system. Most likely, the surfactant and chelating agent systems work in
unison to lift, emulsify and suspend the soils during the cleaning process.
Cleaning Performance of Dlffereni Chemistries
Against Water-Proof Mascara
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Conclusions
Cleaning Performance of Different Chemistries
Against Lip Balm
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Cleaning performance is dependent upon the type of soil and the overall cleaning process used in a given
manufacturing facility. Although water or commodity cleaners may clean certain soils, formulated cleaning
chemistries with multiple modes of action are often needed to achieve the best cleaning results.

80 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE
FRONTIERS OF SCIENCE AWARD LECTURE SPONSORED
BV COSMETICS AND TOILETRIES®
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE ..A GATHERING STORM
James J. Leyden, M.D.
University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Throughout history, man has been in continual battle with microbes and witil relatively recently could
only depend on the innate and acquired immwie systems as defense systems. Malaria, tuberculosis, polio,
measles, syphilis and bubonic plaque are examples of infections that plagued mankind and resulted in
significant morbidity and mortality. It is relatively recently that the development of vaccines and
antibiotics has made an impact on viral and bacterial infections.
The development of penicillin in the early 1940' s was the start of the antibiotic era. Almost immediately,
bacteria developed mechanisms of resistance. The pharmaceutical industry responded by developing newer
agents and for the most part we have stayed ahead of bacteria and their ability to develop resistance. The
cost and time to developing new antibiotics and maneuvering through the labyrinth of the F.D.A. approval
process is limiting the delivery of new agents. The practice of using antibiotics even when bacterial
infection has not necessarily been demonstrated and pressure exerted on physicians by their patients for
antibiotic treatment has influenced the emergence of resistance. All of have come to view antibiotics as
"cure alls".
Antibiotic Mechanism ofAction
Interference with cell wall synthesis
Interference with protein synthesis
Interference with nucleic acid thesis
Interference of metabolism
P-lactams -penicillin, cephalosporins,
tides -vancom cin
Macrolides, chloramphenicol, linezolid,
amino · · irocin
sulfon
Mechanism of Resistance
Bacteria become resistant through mutation and selection or by acquiring from other bacteria the genetic
information encoding resistance.
1) innate resistance
2) acquisition of genes encoding enzymes that destroy the antibiotic e.g. P-lactamases that destroy
penicillins and cephalosporins
3) Efflux pumps e.g. fluoroquinolones in S. aureus
4) acquisition of genes for a metabolic pathway or mutations that limit access to the intracellular site.
Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Positive Bacteria
Gram positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus species particularly E. faecium
are important pathogens in hospital environments.
V ancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) occurred :first in intensive care units and then throughout
hospitals in the 1990' s and now nearly 30% of all isolates from patients infected in ICU' s are resistant to
vancomycin. This resistance is caused by 2 classes of related gene clusters which alter the cell wall target
by changing D-alanine-D-alanine to D-alanine-D-lactate.
The development of VRE appears to have been influenced by the use of antibiotics which enhanced
colonization and persistence of colonization already established.