RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN COSMETICS IN NIGERIA 237 (New York, NY), Vovi Milk Complexion Cream® (New York, NY), Bouquet Roll-on Deodorant® (London, UK), Dove Body Fairness Lotion® (London, UK), Mac Waterproof Mascara® (London, UK), Sleek Concealer Powder® (Bangalore, India), and Absolute Juicy Table II Heavy Metals in Cosmetics Manufactured Outside Nigeria Sample code Metal content (mg/kg) Pb Cd Mn Ni Cr Hg As Fem Tight Antiseptic Vaginal Wash Soap 1.61 0.70 0.16 4.65 0.21 ND ND Face to Face Facial Mask 1.00 0.06 0.90 0.53 0.11 ND ND St. Ives Apricot Facial Scrub ND ND 0.85 0.13 ND ND ND Palmer’s Cocoa Butter Body Cream 0.22 0.02 0.86 0.12 ND ND ND Cucumber Extract Facial toner ND 0.09 0.50 0.06 ND ND ND Fantasy Body Spray (Rapsberry) 0.48 0.04 0.80 ND ND ND ND Chris Adams Active Woman Perfume ND ND 0.71 0.05 ND ND ND Veet Hair Removing Cream 1.95 0.30 3.27 1.88 ND ND ND Sleek Concealer Powder ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Black Opal Crème Stick Foundation 11.50 1.32 67.75 17.34 9.81 ND ND Fruity Lip Balm (Strawberry) ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Baolishi Eyeliner 42.12 ND 17.58 1.93 ND ND ND Mary Kay Crème-to-Powder ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Far Away Body Shimmering Powder 0.99 0.08 9.34 3.55 8.49 ND ND Island Beauty Lipstick 0.220 0.23 17.67 1.29 2.08 ND ND St. Ives Body Cream 0.66 0.16 1.10 0.44 ND ND 0.002 Vovi Milk Complex Cream ND 0.02 0.97 0.59 ND ND ND Empire Fade Cream Lotion 0.11 0.03 0.75 0.13 ND ND ND Fair and White Exfoliating Soap 2.07 0.72 1.42 4.96 ND ND ND Clear Essence Maxi-tone 0.30 ND 0.95 0.48 ND ND ND Ushas Eye Shadow 1.17 0.06 30.55 0.82 ND ND ND Bouquet Roll-on Deodorant ND 0.01 1.15 ND ND ND ND Sally Hansen Nail Color 0.78 0.03 0.02 0.49 ND ND ND Jordana Loose Powder 0.12 ND 1.88 0.75 ND ND ND Pop Facial Cream ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Jennifer Lopez Secret 1.03 0.38 1.66 1.23 ND ND ND Eden Apricot Scrub Soap 2.41 0.64 1.68 4.40 0.31 ND ND Crusader Medicated Soap 0.71 0.74 1.32 5.44 ND 0.07 ND Lentheric Anti-perspirant Roll-on 0.59 0.63 2.26 5.31 0.53 0.003 ND Swiss Luxury Bath Shower Gel 0.16 0.26 1.01 2.37 ND ND ND Dove Body Fairness Lotion ND ND 0.76 ND ND ND ND Mac Waterproof Mascara ND ND ND ND ND ND ND Dark and Lovely Compact Powder 1.28 0.19 37.79 1.78 ND ND ND Bio Claire Body Lightening Lotion 0.10 0.01 0.86 ND ND ND 0.005 Absolute Juicy Lip Shimmer ND ND 0.41 ND ND ND ND ND: Not detected.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 238 Lip Shimmer® (Beijin, China) whereas 68.57% of the cosmetics contained various lead levels ranging from 0.1 to 42.12 mg/kg. Cadmium was detected in 65.71% of the cosmetics and the concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 1.32 mg/kg but 34.29% (St. Ives apricot Facial Scrub®, Chris Adams Active Woman Perfume®, Sleek Concealer Powder®, Fruity Lip Balm (Strawberry)®, Baolishi Eyeliner®, Mary Kay Crème-to-Powder®, Clear Essence Maxi-tone®, Jordana Loose Pow- der®, Pop Facial Cream®, Dove Body Fairness Lotion®, Mac Waterproof Mascara®, and Absolute Juicy Lip Shimmer®) contained no cadmium. Manganese was not detected in 14.29% of the cosmetics (Sleek Concealer Powder®, Fruity Lip Balm®, Mary Kay Crème-to-Powder®, Pop Facial Cream®, and Mac Waterproof Mascara®) whereas 85.71% had manganese content in the range of 0.02–67.65 mg/kg. Nickel was not detected in 28.57% of the cosmetics viz Fantasy Body Spray®, Sleek Concealer Powder®, Fruity Lip Balm®, Mary Kay Crème-to-Powder®, Bouquet Roll-on Deodorant®, Pop Facial Cream®, Dove Body Fairness Lotion®, and Mac Waterproof Mas- cara®. Chromium was not detected in 80% of the cosmetics, however 20% had chromium content of range 0.11–9.81 mg/kg. Only 5.71% of cosmetics manufactured outside Nigeria, namely Crusader Medicated Soap® and Lentheric Anti-perspirant Roll-on®, had mercury content of 0.07 mg/kg and 0.003 mg/l, respectively, whereas 94.29% did not contain mercury. Arsenic was not detected in 94.29% of the cosmetics manufactured outside Nigeria and only 5.71% namely St. Ives Apricot Facial Scrub® and Bio Claire Body Lightening Lotion® have arsenic content of 0.002 and 0.005 mg/l, respectively. The noncarcinogenic risks (HQ) of heavy metal contaminants in cosmetics manufactured in and outside Nigeria are shown in Tables III and IV, respectively. In Table III, the lead contained in Tura Medicated Soap® had the highest noncarcinogenic risk value (HQ = 2.06E-06) while arsenic in Royal Gold Cortex Remover® had the least noncarcinogenic risk value (HQ = 1.56E-08). Manganese contained in Ushas Eye Shadow® had the highest noncarcinogenic risk (HQ = 8.20E-06) among the heavy metals found in cosmetic prod- ucts manufactured outside Nigeria (Table IV) while chromium detected in Fem Tight Antiseptic Vaginal Wash® recorded the least value (HQ = 3.28E-10). Table III Noncarcinogenic Risk [Hazard Quotient (HQ)] of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Cosmetics Manufactured in Nigeria Cosmetics Heavy metal Pb Cd Mn Ni Cr Hg As Beauty Fair Complexion Lotion 2.03E-07 1.41E-07 2.46E-07 3.53E-08 ND ND ND Royal Gold Cortex Remover ND ND 3.50E-07 ND ND ND 1.56E-08 Beauty Fair Multi-Active Toning Cream 4.37E-07 7.03E-08 2.08E-07 ND ND ND ND Classic White Whitening Cream ND 2.34E-08 9.84E-08 1.14E-07 ND ND ND Royal Acrylic Nail Remover ND 9.37E-08 1.37-07 ND ND ND ND Tura Medicated Soap 2.06E-06 1.36E-06 4.07E-07 1.24E-06 ND ND ND Ballin Glycerin Oil ND ND 1.42E-07 ND ND ND ND ND: Not detected.