RISK ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN COSMETICS IN NIGERIA 241 The total noncancer risk (chronic HI) and total cancer risk of cosmetics manufactured in Nigeria is shown in Table VII. Tura Medicated Soap® has the highest HI value (9.32E-07) and Classic White Whitening Cream® as having the least HI value Table VI Hazard Index (HI) of Heavy Metal Contaminants in Cosmetics Manufactured outside Nigeria Cosmetics Heavy metal Cd Cr As Fem Tight Antiseptic Vaginal Wash Soap 9.11E-12 2.73E-12 ND Face to Face Facial Mask 7.81E-13 1.42E-12 ND St. Ives Apricot Facial Scrub ND ND Palmer’s Cocoa Butter Body Cream 2.60E-13 ND ND Cucumber Extract Facial toner 1.17E-12 ND ND Fantasy Body Spray (Rapsberry) 5.21E-13 ND ND Chris Adams Active Woman Perfume ND ND ND Veet Hair Removing Cream 3.90E-12 ND ND Sleek Concealer Powder ND ND ND Black Opal Crème Stick Foundation 1.72E-11 2.98E-10 ND Fruity Lip Balm (Strawberry) ND ND ND Baolishi Eyeliner 4.77E-09 ND ND Mary Kay Crème-to-Powder ND ND ND Far Away Body Shimmering Powder 1.04E-12 2.75E-10 ND Island Beauty Lipstick 2.99E-12 6.32E-11 ND St. Ives Body Cream 2.08E-12 ND 7.81E-13 Vovi Milk Complex Cream 2.60E-13 ND ND Empire Fade Cream Lotion 3.90E-13 ND ND Fair and White Exfoliating Soap 9.37E-12 ND ND Clear Essence Maxi-tone ND ND ND Ushas Eye Shadow 7.81E-12 ND ND Bouquet Roll-on Deodorant 1.30E-13 ND ND Sally Hansen Nail Color 3.90E-13 ND ND Jordana Loose Powder ND ND ND Pop Facial Cream ND ND ND Jennifer Lopez Secret 4.95E-11 ND ND Eden Apricot Scrub Soap 8.33E-11 4.04E-12 ND Crusader Medicated Soap ND ND ND Lentheric Anti-perspirant Roll-on 8.20E-12 4.04E-11 ND Swiss Luxury Bath Shower Gel 3.38E-12 ND ND Dove Body Fairness Lotion ND ND ND Mac Waterproof Mascara ND ND ND Dark and Lovely Compact Powder 2.47E-12 ND ND Bio Claire Body Lightening Lotion 1.30E-13 ND 1.95E-12 Absolute Juicy Lip Shimmer ND ND ND ND: Not detected by method employed. Sample code from Table III.

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 242 Table VII Total Noncancer Risk [Chronic Hazard Index (HI)] and Total Cancer Risk of Cosmetics Manufactured in Nigeria Cosmetics HI due to heavy metals œCDE k RFDk n k =1 Total cancer risk due to heavy metals œCDE k SFk n k =1 Beauty Fair Complexion Lotion 1.03E-07 7.81E-13 Royal Gold Cortex Remover 3.04 E-07 2.59E-14 Beauty Fair Multi-Active Toning Cream 2.35 E-07 3.90E-13 Classic White Whitening Cream 1.05 E-07 1.30E-13 Royal Acrylic Nail Remover 1.35 E-07 5.21E-13 Tura Medicated Soap 9.32 E-07 7.55E-12 Ballin Glycerin Oil 1.42 E-07 ND ND: Not detected. (1.05E-07). Table VIII shows the total noncancer risk (HI due to heavy metals) and total cancer risk of cosmetics manufactured outside Nigeria. Ushas Eye Shadow® had the high- est HI value (3.93E-06) while Face to Face Facial Mask® recorded the least HI value (8.86E-09). DISCUSSION Hitherto, there seem to be no international standards for impurities including heavy met- als in cosmetics. Notwithstanding, limits and guidelines have been established by gov- ernmental agencies in advanced countries around the world. Many heavy metals are banned as intentional ingredients albeit not as product impurities since their presence as such is considered unavoidable. Beauty Fair Complexion Lotion®, Beauty Fair Multi-Active Toning Cream®, and Tura Medicated Soap® had lead in concentrations exceeding the American Conference of Gov- ernment Industrial Hygienist’s (ACGIH) threshold limit value (TLV) of 0.05 mg/l for inorganic lead and lead chromate and 0.1 mg/l for lead tetraethyl as well as the USEPA’s action level for lead in drinking water, which is put at 0.0015 mg/l (18). Bio Claire Body Lightening Lotion® had lead content of 0.1 mg/kg, which is exactly the TLV for lead tetraethyl while the other 23 cosmetics had lead contents above the TLV, with Boalish Eyeliner® and Black Opal Crème Stick Foundation® having an exceptionally high lead content of 42.12 and 11.50 mg/kg, respectively. The use of these cosmetics may be of public health concern because of likely dermal absorption. Lead can be absorbed through the skin (8,9) and although studies on the dermal absorption of lead in humans are still scarce, damaged skin, pH, and metallic chemical structure are likely factors that could enhance percutaneous penetration of metals (9–19). All the cosmetics in this study had manganese concentrations above the ACGIH’s TLV of 0.2 mg/kg with Tura Medicated Soap® having the highest concentration of manganese at 1.49 mg/kg. Trace amounts of manganese are essential for animals however, in large quantities the metal can cause acute and chronic poisoning.