JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 202 highest rate of change among all conditions studied. It may owe to the difference in life style—males possibly being more active in outdoor activity with less conscientious daily skin care. Nevertheless, these results of facial skin AGEs open up new research directions in skin aging and anti-glycation studies. CONCLUSION This study shows for the fi rst time the in vivo skin AGE data of the human facial skin as measured by autofl uorescence using a noninvasive technique. It adds new data to skin aging research. The low AGE level observed in the facial skin did not support the reported phenomenon that solar irradiation increases dermal glycation unless a signifi cant differ- ence in antioxidant activity is evident (34-36). The faster increase in AGE level in the facial skin of men may be due to their lack of adequate skin care when compared with women. Further study in the difference of antioxidant activity between genders may help elucidate the mechanisms of facial skin glycation and aging process. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Gopa Majmudar, Charles Hu, Greg Hillebrand, Rong Kong, Robin Ray, and Yulia Park for their help in various aspects including concept discussion, reference collection, and clinical study organization. REFERENCES (1) R. Meerwaldt, R. Graaff, P. H. N. Oomen, T. P. Links, J. J. Jager, N. L. Alderson, S. R. Thorpe, J. W. Baynes, R. O. B. Gans, and A. J. Smit, Simple non-invasive assessment of advanced glycation endprod- uct accumulation, Diabetologia, 47, 1324–1330 (2004). (2) V. Vishwanath, K. E. Frank, C. A. Elmets, P. J. Dauchot, and V. M. Monnier, Glycation of skin col- lagen in type I diabetes mellitus correlation with long-term complications, Diabetes, 35, 916–921 (1986). (3) M. A. Smith, S. Taneda, P. L. Richey, S. Miyata, S. D. Yan, D. Stern, L. M. Sayre, V. M. Monnier, and G. Perry, Advanced Maillard reaction end products are associated with Alzheimer disease pathology, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 91, 5710–5714 (1994). (4) A. Stitt, C. He, S. Friedman, L. Scher, P. Rossi, L. Ong, H. Founds, Y. M. Li, R. Bucala, and H. Vlassara, Elevated AGE modifi ed ApoB in sera of euglycemic, normolipidemic patients with atherosclerosis: Relationship to tissue AGEs, Mol. Med., 3, 617–627 (1997). (5) T. Miyata, Y. Wada, Z. Cai, Y. Iida, K. Horie, Y. Yasuda, K. Maeda, K. Kurokawa, and C. van Ypersele de Strihou, Implication of an increased oxidative stress in the formation of advanced glycation end products in patients with end-stage renal failure, Kidney Int., 51, 1170–1181 (1997). (6) H. L. Lutgers , R. Graaff, T. P. Links, L. J. Ubink-Veltmaat, H. J. Bilo, R. O. Gans, and A. J. Smit, Skin autofl uorescence as a non-invasive marker of vascular damage in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetes Care, 29, 2654–2659 (2006). (7) H. L. Lutgers , E. G. Gerrits, R. Graaff, T. P. Links, W. J. Sluiter, R. O. Gans, H. J. Bilo, and A. J. Smit, Skin autofl uorescence provides additional information to the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) risk score for the estimation of cardiovascular prognosis in type 2 diabetes mellitus, Diabetologia, 52, 789–797 (2009). (8) J. D. Maynard , M. Rohrscheib, J. F. Way, C. M. Nguyen, and M. N. Ediger, Noninvasive type 2 diabe- tes screening superior sensitivity to fasting plasma glucose and A1C, Diabetes Care, 30, 1120–1124 (2007). (9) M. N. Ediger, B. P. Olson, and J. D. Maynard. Noninvasive optical screening for diabetes, J. Diabetes Sci. Technol., 3, 776–780 (2009).
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