74 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE biopolymers that can be utilized to protect the skin from dry environmental conditions and can help regulate the water content in the skin (64,66). EPS produced by microalgae show variability as a result of changes in the biosynthesis mechanism according to nutrients, culture conditions, and strains. C pyrenoidosa FACHB-9, Chlorococcum sp., Porphyridium cruentum, Spirulina platensis, and Scenedesmus sp. are known as EPS producers. Their cell- free cultivation mediums might be evaluated as cosmetics because of their glucuronic acid content (64,67). It has also been shown that cell-free cultivation mediums of P cruentum and S platensis might be good candidates for cosmetic ingredients because of their glucuronic acid content. Research on the bioactivity of fish collagen Type II (C-II) is in its beginning stages. The information that exists is limited almost entirely to shark C-II and is separated into three categories. First, because of its terrestrial sources, C-II from the blue shark (Prionace glauca) and the whale shark (Rhincodon typus) cartilage has anti-inflammatory activity (6,69). Chen et al. (70) showed that oral administration of C-II from the blue shark suppresses rheumatoid arthritis in experimentally induced rheumatoid arthritis model rats. Second, whale shark C-II stimulates osteogenesis and suppresses osteoclastogenesis when used as cellular scaffolds (71), and blue shark C-II scaffold promotes osteoblast cell formation (72). Third, whale shark C-II has antioxidant activity (73). Three peptides isolated from shark (Mustelus griseus) cartilage hydrolysate scavenge radicals were shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation and provide protection to H 2 O 2 -stressed HepG2 cells (74). Antioxidant peptides that help to improve the skin barrier from two skate species, Raja porosa and Rostanga pulchra cartilage, have also been reported (75,76). Other studies have reported antioxidant activities from salmon cartilage chondroitin sulphate (77,78). Puścion-Jakubik et al. (79) studied the consumption of certain ingredients (vitamins A, C, D, and E, and Cu, Mn, and Zn) on 172 young women. The study was assessed using the Diet 6.0 program, body composition was assessed using electrical bioimpedance, and skin hydration and lubrication were assessed using the corneometric and sebumetric methods, respectively. The results indicated that one-third of students showed insufficient consumption of vitamin C, vitamin E, and Zn, while approximately 99% showed insufficient vitamin D levels. The highest degree of hydration was observed in the areas of the eyelids, neckline, and chin. The greatest amount of sebum was found in the area of the nose and forehead. Low positive correlations were observed between hydration or lubrication and Cu, vitamin A, and vitamin E. The author concluded that in order to properly moisturize and lubricate the skin, young women should eat products that are rich in ingredients with antioxidant properties, particularly fat-soluble vitamins A and E and copper (79). Vitamin A and its derivatives contribute to the proper exfoliation of the SC, which improves its protective function and reduces TEWL (80). By penetrating deep into the lipid barrier of skin cells, vitamin E seals and strengthens the cell membrane, which results in water retention (81). CONCLUSION To date, the use of natural resources has been beneficial to consumers for healthier skin conditions and eventually a healthier lifestyle. In our review, natural sources from plants or marine sources were shown to provide hydration properties that warrant their use as cosmetic ingredients. The natural cosmetics sectors show encouraging development worldwide and are likely to keep growing and expanding alongside the increasing interest and demand among consumers.

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