308 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS the area where it is to be effective. "Nacconol" NRSF when used in a relatively strong solution forms a loose combination with the skin and remains combined with it even after a light rinse. When fresh perspira- tion is excreted by the skin it dis- solves the combined "Nacconol." This property makes it possible to hold the deodorant in the desired area where it remains effective for a long period of time. DEODORIZATION :BY WASHING AwAY Odors and the bacteria which are their principal cause are associated with the outside of the skin. It is well known that they can be washed away. The extent to which they can be washed away varies greatly with the type of washing preparation used. When the bacteria and waste products from the body are washed away with a strong solution of the "Nacconol" NRSF, a subsequent control over bacteria will result and the deodorizing effect just described will be obtained. In bubble baths, however, the concentration is far too low to exert any antiseptic action and their deodorization is limited to the immediate washing effect. DEODORIZATION BY DESTROYING ODORS • The removal of odors by destroy- ing them involves chemical reac- tion of a greater or lesser magnitude. The odors can be removed by oxida- tion and reasonably mild products are available which have this ac- tion. Even surface-active agents are available which have a strong oxidizing action. In general the ordinary surface-active agent is quite unreactive except in the mat- ter of forming salts. "Nacconol" NRSF can form salts witlx the amino compounds which very often accom- panyodors. If the amino compound is sufficiently complex, the resulting salt will be insoluble. The very strong deodorizing effect of "Nac- conoF' NRSF on Lauryl Amine, as shown in Table 2, is probably largely due to the formation of a salt. APPLICATION OF THE DETERGENT DEODORANT The actual preparation of de- odorants containing an alkyl aryl sulfonate detergent has been ac- complished in a number of ways. They can be applied in creams, liquids, powders, or cakes. In many cases the deodorizing action can be accomplished by the use of the de- tergent in any form. CREAMS Creams are available with a strong deodorant action. These are particularly useful in the kitchen where it is practically impossible to wash the residual smell of fish and onion from the hands. The cream containing "Nacconol" is applied directly to the area where the un- desired odor persists. In this case the detergent behaves strictly as a deodorant. DEODORANT SOLUTIONS Substances to be used as deodor- ants can be applied in solutions such as shampoo solutions and bubble

DEODORANT PROPERTIES OF'NACCONOL 309 baths. Hair acquires an odor char- acteristic of the individual and it may in certain instances become offensive. This odor, for the most part, is washed away in a shampoo- ing operation. In the case of dogs the so-called doggy odor can reach the point of being seriously objec- tionable. Where a simple washing operation does not remove suffi- cient odor the detergent may be ap- plied directly to the washed hair. It is often desirable not to rinse the hair too thoroughly after a deter- gent shampoo thus leaving a re- sidual deodorizing material and per- mirting some control of the organ- isms on the hair. Solutions of detergents are often used for bubble baths. As bubble baths they are effective in washing away odoriferous substances and bacteria which cause them. The ordinary bubble bath is so dilute that there is no residual effect and no impediment to the development of odor from fresh perspiration. DEODORANT POWDER Deodorants can, of course, be pre- pared as powders to be used either in the powder form or in solution. Where the powder is used in solu- tion, the same comments hold as hold for the deodorant solutions. Unless substantial amounts are used they serve only to wash away odors without any residual effect. DEODORANT DETERGENT CAKES A recent development now being studied is the detergent soap cake. These soap cakes were developed by our Company during the last World War to provide Navy salt water soap at the time when the supply of coconut oil from the Philippines was suddenly cut off. Cakes of soap containing substantial amounts of "Nacconol" have all of the anti- septic action required for the control of perspiration odors. The ma- terial can be applied by working up a lather from the detergent cake, as for example under the arms, and then wiping away the suds with a damp cloth. The effectiveness of this treatment is easily tested by washing under one arm with the "Nacconol" cake and under the other arm with ordinary soap. The deodorizing action will be apparent in a few hours and strikingly evident in a day. The effectiveness of the deodorant action also carries over to garments which would otherwise acquire an offensive smell through the accumu- lation of perspiration. The use of this detergent cake substantially eliminates the odor of perspiration in the garments. As a matter of fact if garments which have an offensive smell due to perspiration are mois- tened with "Nacconol" and aired, the offensive odor will disappear. DEODORANTS The consciousness of human odors has developed rapidly in recent years. The important develop- ments in personal deodorants have taken place in the last 40 years. During that period there has been a steady improvement in the cleanli- ness of people in this country and