TOXICOLOGY OF HEXACHLOROPHENE 183 very low and photosensitization has rarely been observed. The safety of hexachlorophene has been established by the use of a great variety of products containing it by millions of people over a period of more than 20 years. REFERENCES (1) Gump, W. S., Dihydroxyhexachlorodiphenylmethane and method of producing same, U.S. Patent 2,250,480 (July 29, 1941). (2) Gump, W. S., The development of a germicidal soap, Soap, Sanit. Chemicals, 21, (March) 36-9, (April) 50-1, 85 (1945). (3) Dorsman, W., Contribution to the control of fascioliasis, Verslsg. Landbouwk. Onderzoek., 68-14, 75 (1962). (4) Applied Research Laboratories, Dayton, N.J., 1939. (5) Florestano, H. J., Tuberculocidal activity and toxicity of some diphenylmethane derivatives, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap., 96, 231t (1949). (6) Leberco Laboratories, Roselle Park, N.J., 1964. (7) Ibid., 1961 and 1962. (8) Thorpe, E., Chemotherapy of experimental fascioliasis in the albino rat, J. Comp. Pathol. Therap., ?5, 45 (1965). 9) Federmann, M., The treatment of liver fluke in sheep and cattle with Bilevon©, Deut. Tieraerztl. Wochschr., 66, 526 (1959). (10) Industrial Biology Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pa., 1950. (11) Delak, M., Kodrnja, E., Richter, S., and Vrazic, O., Studies on the efficacy of hexachlorophene on Taenia echinococcux in dogs, Vet. Arhip., 25, 35 (1965). (12) Hirschler, K., Inaug. Diss., College of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna (1957). (13) Guilhon, J., and Graber, M., The control ooe fascioliasis in sheep by hexachlorodi- hydroxydiphenylmethane and its toxicity, Bull. Acad. Vet. France, 2t4, 119 (1961). (14) Guralp, N., Ozcan, C., and Simms, B. T., FaxcioIa gigantica and [ascioliasis in Turkey, Am. J. Vet. Rex., 25, 196 (1964). (15) Applied Research Labs., Dayton, N.J., 1941. (16) Price, P. B., and Bonnett, A., Antibacterial effects of G--5, G-11, and A-151, Surgery, 24, 542 (1948). (17) Industrial Biology Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., 1958. (18) Leberco Labs., Roselle Park, N.]., 1967. (19) Vitez, I., Hexachlorophene and its use, Acta Pharm. Hung., 31, 173 (1961). (20) Wear, J. B., Jr., Shananhan, R., and Ratcliff, R. K., Toxicity of ingested hexa- chlorophene, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 181, 587 (1962). (21) Lustig, F. W., A fatal case of hexachlorophene ("pHisoilex") poisoning, Med. J. Australia, 50 (1), 737 (1963). (22) Pilapil, V. R., Hexachlorophene toxicity in an infant, Am. ]. Diseases Children, 111, 333 (1966). (23) Herter, W. B., Hexachlorophene poisoning, Kaiser Found. Med. Bull., ?, 228 (1959). (24) Carrol, F. E., Salak, W. W., Howard, J. M., and Paivent, F. W., Absorption of antimicrobial agents across experimental wounds, Surg., Gynecol. Obstet., 125, 974 (1967). (25) Lin, J., Wang C., Yu, J., Wang, M., Chang, C., and Cheng, S., Hexachlorophene in the treatment of clonorchiasis sinensis, Chinese Med. J., 82, 702 (1963).
184 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS 26) Chung, H. L., Ts'ao, W. C., Hsu, H. C., Kuo, C. H., K'o, H. Y., Mo, P.S., Chang, H. Y., Chuo, H. T., and Chuo, W. H., Hexachlorophene (G-11) as a new specific drug against clonorchiasis sinensis: its efficacy and toxicity in experimental and human infection, Ibid., 82, 691 (1963). 27) Wit, J. G., and Van Genderen, H., Some aspects of the fate of hexachlorophene [2,2'-methylenebis(3,4,6-trichlorophenol)] in rabbits, rats, and dairy cattle, Acta Physiol. Pharmacol. Need., 11, 123 (1962). Analytical and Research Laboratory, islip, N.Y., 1952. Draize, J. H., Woodard, G., and Calvery, H. O., Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity, J. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap., 82, 377 (1944). 30 Nickerson, M., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1954. 31 Kehoe, R. A., Physiologic response of experimental animals to the absorption of Actamer and G-I 1, Rept. of Kettering Laboratory, Cincinnati University, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1953. 32) Schwartz, L., Warren, L. H., and Goldman, F. H., Public Health Rept. (U.S.), 55, 1158 (1940). 33 Traub, E. F., Newhall, C. A., and Fuller, J. R., The value of a new compound used in soap to reduce the bacterial flora of the human skin, Surg., Gynecol. Obstet., 79, 205 (1944). Udinsky, H. J., Reduction in total skin flora by the daily use of a soap containing dihydroxyhexachlorodiphenylmethane, J. Med. Soc. New Jersey, 42, 15 (1945). Schwartz, L., Comparing the irritant action of soaps, Ann. Allergy, 8• 530 (1950). Epstein, E., Dichlorophene allergy, Ibid., 24, 437 (1966). Suskind, R. R., Percutaneous Toxicity, in Sternberg, T. H., and Newcomer, V. D., The Evaluation of Therapeutic Agents and Cosmetics, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1964, pp. 179-82. Shelanski, H. A., and Shelanski, M. V., A new technique for human patch tests, Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Assoc., 19, 46 (1953). Draize, J. H., Procedures for the appraisal of chemicals in foods, drugs, and cosmetics. VIII, Dermal toxicity. Food, Cosmetic Law ]., 10, 722 (1955). Industrial Biology Labs., Philadelphia, Pa., 1952 and (repeated) 1966. Edelson, E., Newark City Hospital, Newark, N.J., 1965. Wilkinson, D. S., Photodennatitis due to tetrachlorosalicylanilide, Brit. ]. Dermatol., 73, 213 (1961). Jillson, O. F., and Baughman, R. D., Contact photodermatitis from bithionol, Arch. Dermatol., 88, 409 (1963). O'Quinn, S. E., Kennedy, C. B., and Isbell, K. H., Contact photodermatitis due to bithionol and related compounds, ]. Am. Med. Assoc., 199, 125 (1967). Freeman, R. G., and Knox, J. M., The action spectrum of photocontact dermatitis by halogenated salicylanilides and related compounds, Arch. Dermatol., 97, 130 (1968). Epstein, J. H., Wuepper, K. D., and Maibach, H. J., Photocontact dermatitis to halogenated salicylanilides and related compounds, Ibid., 97, 236 (1968). Wilkinson, D. S., Patch test reactions to certain halogenated salicylanilides, Brit. ]. Dermatol., 74, 302 (1962). Baughman, R. D., Contact photodermatitis from bithionol, II, Cross-sensitivities to hexachlorophene and salicylanilides, Arch. Dermatol., 90, 153 (1964). Gaul, L. E., Sensitivity to bithionol, Ibid., 81, 600 (1960). Epstein, E., Allergy to dermatologic agents, ]. Am. Med. Assoc., 198, 517 (1966). Litchfield, V. T., and Wilcoxon, F., A simplified method of evaluating dose-effect experiments, ]. Pharmacol. Exptl. Therap., 96, 99 (1949). Nickerson, M., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 1949. 28) (29 (34) (35) (36) (37) (38) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) 45) 46) (47) (48) (49) (50) (51) (•)
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