SURFACE FORCES IN THE DEPOSITION OF SMALL PARTICLES 723 (10) Clayfield, E. J., Lumb, E. C. and Mackey, P. H. Retarded dispersion forces in colloidal particles: exact integration of the Casimir and Polder equation. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 37 282 (1971). For simpler approximate method cf. Schenkel, J. H. and Kitchener, J. A. Trans. Faraday Soc. 56 161 (1960). (11) Vold, M. J. Effect of adsorption on the van der Waals interaction of spherical colloidal particles. J. Colloid Sci. 16 1 (1961). LiJ•hitz method (12) Dzyaloshinskii, I. E., Lifshitz, E. M. and Pitaevskii, L. P. Van der Waals forces in liquid films. Soy. Phys. JETP 10 161 (1960). (13) Ninham, B. W. and Parsegian, V. A. Van der Waals forces across triple-layer films. J. Chem. Phys. 52 4578 (1970). (14) Parsegian, V. A. and Ninham, B. W. Toward the correct calculation of van der Waals interactions between lyophobic colloids in an aqueous medium. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 37 332 (1971). (15) Visser, J. On Hamaker constants: a comparison between Hamaker constants and Lifshitz- van der Waals constants. Advan. Colloid Interface Sci. 3 331 (1972). (16) Bargeman, D. and van Voorst Vader, F. Van der Waals forces between immersed particles. J. Electroanal. Chem. 37 45 (1972). (17) Krupp, H., Schnabel, W. and Walter, G. Computation of the Lifshitz-van der Waals constant on the basis of optical data. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 39 421 (1972). (18) Langbein, D. Van der Waals attraction in multilayer structures. J. Adhesion 3 213 (1972) Langbein, D. Non-retarded dispersion energy between macroscopic spheres. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 32 1657 (1971). Adhesion (removal) oJ'particles Theory and the centrifuge method (19) Krupp, H. Particle adhesion: theory and experiment. Advan. Colloid Interface Sci. 1 111 (1967) Walter, G. Proc. Conf. Phys. Adhesion, Karlsruhe 141 (1969). (20) van den Tempel, M. Interaction forces between condensed bodies in contact. Advan. Colloid Interface Sci. 3 137 (1972). (21) Zimon, A.D. and Deryagin, B. V. Adhesion of particles to a plane surface: adhesion in an aqueous medium. ColloidJ. USSR 25 135 (1963). Vibration method (dry powders) (22) Deryagin, B. V. and Zimon, A.D. Adhesion of powder particles to plane surfaces. Colloid J. USSR 23 454 (1961). (23) Rotating cylinder technique Visser, J. Measurement of the force of adhesion between submicron carbon-black particles and a cellulose film in aqueous solution. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 34 26 (1970).

724 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Displacement by flow of solution (24) Clayfield, E. J. and Lumb, E. C. Detachment of adhered colloidal particles by non-aqueous surfactant solutions. Discuss. Faraday Soc, 42 285 (1966), (25) Clayfield, E. J. and Smith, A. 1_. Adhesion and detachment of solid colloidal particles in aqueous inorganic surfactant media. Environ. Sci. Technol. 4 413 (1970). Von Buzagh' s method (26) von Buzagh, A. Ueber die Haftf/ihigkeit mikroskopischer Teilchen an W•indern von gleicher Beschaffenheit. Kolloid Z. 51 230 (1930) (includes example of adhesion of quartz by trace of gelatin) KolloM Z. many other papers. See also (29). Method of crossed filaments (27) Voropaeva, T. N., Deryagin, B. V and Kabanov, E. N. Effect of electrolyte concentration on the height of the force barrier for adhesion of platinum wires. Res. Surface Forces (Trans. Consultants Bureau, New York) 116 (1963). (28) yon Voorst Vader, F. and Dekker, H. Measurement of adhesion by means of the crossed filament method. Paper B.4 N. 35 Presented at the VI Int. Congress Surface Active Substances (Zurich, 1972). Capillary forces and effect of mechanical pressure (29) Uno, H. and Tanaka, S. Adhesion of suspension particles on the wall surface of a container. Mechanism of particle adhesion. Kolloid Z. Z. Polym. 250 238 (1972). (30) Princen, H. M. The equilibrium shape of interfaces, drops and bubbles rigid and deform- able particles at interfaces. Surface and Colloid Science (Ed. E. Matijevic) 2 1 (1969). Experimental studies of heterocoagulation (31) Princen, E. H. and Vena-Peplinski, M. De. Effect of particle size on the mutual flocculation between zinc oxide and titanium dioxide. J. Colloid Sci. 19 786 (1964). (32) Harding, R. D. Heterocoagulation in mixed dispersions: effect of particle size, size ratio, relative concentration and surface potential of colloidal components. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 40 164 (1972). Deposition experiments (33) Marshall, J. K. and Kitchener, J. A. The deposition of colloidal particles on smooth solids. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 22 342 (1966). (34) Hull, M. and Kitchener, J. A. Interaction of spherical colloidal particles with planar surfaces. Trans. Faraday Soc. 65 3093 (1969) Proc. 5th Int. Congr. Surface Action Sub- stances (Barcelona) (1968). (35) Kitahara, A. et al. Deposition of TiO• or carbon black on glass in cyclohexane. Quoted by S. Usui (Ref. (5) p. 262).