320 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors wish to gratefully acknowledge Dr. Priscilla Walling for her invaluable assistance in the preparation of this manuscript. We are also indebted to Glenn Lewis for his assistance in preparing the figures and to Theresa Raimonde for secretarial ser- vices. REFERENCES (1) T. Y. Fan, E. U. Golf, L. Song, D. H. Fine, G. P. Arsenault, and K. Bieman, N-nitrosodiethan- olamine in cosmetics, lotions, and shampoos, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 15, 423-430 (1977). (2) J. H. Hotchkiss, Review of analytical methods for N-nitrosamines in food: Analytical methodology for sample preparation, detection, quantitation, and confirmation of N-nitrosamines in foods, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 64(5), 1037-1050 (1981). (3) M. L. Douglass, B. L. Kabacoff, G. A. Anderson, and M. C. Cheng, The chemistry of nitrosamine formation, inhibition and destruction, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 29, 581-606 (1978). (4) G. M. Telling, The determination of N-nitrosamines in foods and cosmetics, Trends in Anal. Chem., 1(12), 277-280 (1982). (5) P. N. Magee and J. M. Barnes, Production of malignant primary hepatic tumors in rats by feeding dimethylnitrosamine, Brit. J. Cancer, 10, 114-122 (1956). (6) F. Ender, G. Havre, A. Ndgebostad, N. Koppang, R. Madsen, and L. Ceh, Sterility in mink induced by deficiency of vitamin B6, Naturwissenschaften, 51, 637-638 (1964). (7) S.S. Hecht, Nitrosamine contaminants in cosmetic products, Drug & Cosmet. Ind., 36-37 (June 1981). (8) B. L. Pool, S. Brendler, R. G. Klein, J. Monarca, R. Pasquini, P. Schmezer, and W. J. Zeller, Effects of SO2 or NOx on toxic and genotoxic properties of chemical carcinogens. II. Short term in vivo studies, Carcinogenesis, 9(7), 1247-1252 (1988). (9) J. March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms and Structure (McGraw Hill, New York, 1968), pp. 484-486. (10) G. A. Anderson, Nitrosamines: What are they? How do they get into cosmetics? What is being done about them?, House. & Pers. Prod. Ind., 94-104 (May 1978). (11) B. L. Kabacoff, M. L. Douglass, I. E. Rosenberg, L. W. Levan, J. K. Punwar, S. F. Vielhuber, and R. J. Lechner, Formation of nitrosamines in nonionic and anionic emulsions in the presence and absence of inhibitors, N-Nitroso Compounds: Occurrence International Agency for Research on Cancer Science Publication, 57, 347-352 (1984). (12) I. S. Krull, T. Y. Fan, and D. H. Fine, Problem of artifacts in the analysis of N-nitroso com- pounds, Anal. Chem., 50(6), 698-701 (1978). (13) J. W. Pensabene and A. E. Wasserman, Nitrosamines in dishwashing compounds, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 18, 329 (1980). (14) T. A. Gough, K. S. Webb, and M. F. McPhail, Volatile nitrosamines from ion-exchange resins, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 15, 437-440 (1977). (15) W. Fiddler, J. W. Pensabene, R. C. Doerr, and C. J. Dooley, The presence of dimethyl- and diethylnitrosamine in deionized water, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 15, 441-443 (1977). (16) D. H. Fine, III.2.a. HPLC-TEA determination of NDELA and similar compounds in cosmetics, International Agency for Research on Cancer Science Publication, 45, 3309-3317 (1983). (17) D. H. Fine, D. Lieb, and F. Rufeh, Principle of operation of the thermal energy analyzer for the trace analysis of volatile and nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds, J. Chromatogr., 107, 351-357 (1975). (18) T. J. Hansen, M. C. Archer, and S. R. Tannenbaum, Characterization of pyrolysis conditions and interferences by other compounds in the chemiluminescence detection of nitrosamines, Anal. Chem., 51(9), 1526-1528 (1979). (19) M. R. Sine, Nitromusk: False positive in the analysis for nitrosamines, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 37, 267-277 (1986). (20) D. H. Fine, F. Rufeh, D. Lieb, and D. P. Rounbehler, Description of the thermal energy analyzer (TEA) for trace determination of volatile and nonvolatile N-nitroso compounds, Anal. Chem., 47(7), 1188-1191 (1975).

ANALYSIS OF NITROSAMINES 321 (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) (34) (35) (39) (40) (41) (42) (43) (44) (45) (46) (21) J. H. Hotchkiss, J. F. Barbour, L. M. Libbey, and R. A. Scanlan, Nitramines as thermal energy analyzer positive non-nitroso compound found in certain herbicides, J. Agric. Food Chem., 26(4), 884-887 (1978). E. A. Walker and M. Castegnaro, Response of nitramines in the thermal analyzer, J. Chromatogr., 187, 229-231 (1980). K. S. Webb and T. A. Gough, Suppression ofchemiluminescent detection response toward nitrosa- mines,J. Chromatogr., 177, 349-352 (1979). Thermal energy analyzer, Thermo Electron Corp., Thermo Electron Cancer Research Division, Waltham, MA, technical information, 1987. S.S. Hecht and J. B. Morrison, N-nitroso-n-methyldodecylamine and N-nitroso-n-methyltetrade- cylamine in hair-care products, Fed. Chem. Toxic., 20, 165-169 (1982). J. B. Morrison and S.S. Hecht, N-nitroso-n-methyloctadecylamine in hair-care products, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 21(1)(1983). I. S. Kryll and M. H. Wolfe, Thermal energy analysis for N-nitroso compounds, Am. Lab., 84-91 (1979). B. Spiegelhalder and R. Preussman, Contamination of toiletries and cosmetic products with volatile and nonvolatile N-nitroso carcinogens, J. Cancer Res. Clin. Oncol., 108, 160-163 (1984). H. Sommer and G. Eisenbrand, A method for the determination of N-nitrosoalkanolamines in cosmetics, Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch., 186, 235-238 (1988). H. Sommer, H. P. Loftier, and G. Eisenbrand, A method to determine N-nitrosoalkanolamines in alkanolamines, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 39, 133-137 (1988). J. B. Fox, Jr., Kinetics and mechanisms of the Griess reaction, Anal. Chem., 51(9), 1493-1502 (1979). G. M. Telling and P. C. Dunnett, The determination of N-nitrosodiethanolamine (NDELA) at trace levels in shampoos and skin creams by a simple, rapid colorimetric method, Int. J. Cos. Sci,, 3, 241-248 (1981). H. J. Chou, R. L. Yates, and J. A. Wenninger, Screening cosmetic products for N-nitroso com- pounds by chemiluminescent determination of nitric oxide, J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem., 70(6), 960-963 (1987). Recommended Procedures for Conducting Total Nitrosamine Analysis, Derse and Schroeder Associates, Madison, WI, with the Cosmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association, Washington, DC, 1987. F. A. Medvedev, D. B. Melamed, and Y. L. Kostyukovskii, Analysis of N-nitrosamine in environ- mental samples by mass spectrometry and gas chromatography mass spectrometry of dansyl deriva- tives, Biomed. Mass Spectrom., 7(8), 354-358 (1980). (36) N. P. Sen, S. Seaman, and W. F. Miles, Dimethylnitrosamine and nitrosopyrrolidine in fumes produced during the frying of bacon, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 14, 167-170 (1976). (37) B. Spiegelhalder, G. Eisenbrand, and R. Preussman, Contamination of beer with trace quantities of N-nitrosodiemethylamine, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 17, 29-31 (1979). (38) M. Yamamoto, T. Yamada, and A. Tanimura, Volatile nitrosamines in human blood before and after ingestion of a meal containing high concentrations of nitrates and secondary amines, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 18, 297-299 (1980). R. A. Scanlan, J. F. Barbour, J. H. Hotchkiss, and L. M. Libbey, N-nitrosodimethylamine in beer, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 18, 27-29 (1980). L. Lakritz and W. Kimoto, N-nitrosamine contaminants in blood-collection tubes, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 18, 31-34 (1980). L. Lakritz, M. L. Simenhoff, S. R. Dunn, and W. Fiddler, N-nitrosodimethylamine in human blood, Fed. Cosmet. Toxicol., 18, 77-79 (1980). J. A. Wenninger, Food and drug administration's research and regulatory program for cosmetics and fragrances, Cosmetic Technol., 37-40 (December 1979). F. Baker, Nitrosamines--A new issue for cosmetic products, Cosmet. Toilet. & Frag. Assoc. Cosmet. Journal 10(1), 3-11 (1978). F. Baker, Nitrosamines•osmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association Proposed Program, Cosmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association, Washington, DC, March 1977. N. F. Estrin, Minutes: Food & Drug Administration/Cosmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association Meeting on Nitrosamines Analytical Update, Cosmetic, Toiletry & Fragrance Association, Washington, DC, May 1979. L. Hedler, C. Schurr, and P. Marquardt, Determination of volatile N-nitroso compounds in various