JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 124 Formulation 4. A. Body lotion a B. Moisturizing creamb C. Body cbutter % Ingredient % Ingredient % Ingredient 82.9 Water 72.0 Water 70.5 Water 0.1 Disodium EDTA 0.1 Disodium EDTA 0.1 Disodium EDTA 0.25 Xanthan gum 0.25 Xanthan gum 0.25 Xanthan gum 2.5 Glycerin 2.0 Glycerin 3.5 Glycerin 2.45 Propanediol stearate 3.5 PPDO-4 stearate 3.5 PPDO-4 stearate 1.05 PPDO-4/PGLY-3 copolymer sesquistearate 1.5 PPDO-4/PGLY-3 copolymer sesquistearate 1.5 PPDO-4/PGLY-3 copolymer sesquistearate 3.0 Persea Gratissima (Avocado) oil 2.5 Cetyl esters 3.0 Cetyl esters 4.0 Vitis Vinifera (Grape) seed oil 5.0 Cocos Nucifera (Coconut) oil 5.0 Persea Gratissima (Avocado) oil 2.0 Butyrospermum Parkii (Shea butter) 4.0 Olea Europaea (Olive) oil 4.0 Vitis Vinifera (Grape) seed oil 1.75 Cetearyl alcohol 6.0 Simmondsia Chinensis (Jojoba) oil 6.0 Mangifera Indica (Mango) seed butter qs Preservative 3.0 Cetearyl alcohol 3.0 Cetearyl alcohol 0.1 Tocopherol 0.1 Tocopherol qs Preservative Qs Preservative a45,000 cps/stable 1 month at 50° C. b160,000 cps/stable 1 month at 50° C. c360,000 cps/stable 1month at 50° C.

RENEWABLE PDO AND PETROLEUM-DERIVED ALKYLENE OXIDES 125 and readily biodegradable. Oil in water cosmetic emulsions formulated with the PDO- based emulsifi ers had higher viscosities when compared to the same emulsions that sub- stituted PEG-based emulsifi ers. Cosmetic products formulated with renewable PDO-based emulsifi ers gave elegant sensory profi les and moisturization performance that were equivalent to those cosmetics formulated with petroleum-based EO emulsifi ers. Principles of Green Chemistry were applied in the development and manufacture of these sustainable PDO-based emulsifi ers used in cosmetics. REFERENCES (1) Ethylene Oxide, 3rd Ed. (American Chemistries Council’s Ethylene Oxide/Ethylene Glycols Panel, Copy- right May 2007). (2) Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Toxicological Profi le for 1,4-Dioxane. (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Atlanta, GA, 2012). ) www.atsdr.cdc (3) M. Kawaguchi, M. Yamamoto, T. Nakamura, M. Yamashita, T. Kato, and T. Kato, Surface Properties of mono, di- and triglycerol monstearate monolayers spread at the air-water interface. Langmuir, 17, 4677– 4680 (2001). (4) M. Biermann, F. Lange, R. Piorr, U. Ploog, H. Rutzen, J. Schindler, and R. Schmid, “Synthesis of Surfactants,” in Surfactants In Consumer Products: Theory, Technology and Application, Chapter 3 (Springer- Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 1987). (5) C. Le Hen-Ferrenbach, M. Beuche, and M. Roussel 054432, Cognis (2005). (6) P. T. Anastas and J. C. Warner, Green Chemistry Theory and Practice. (Oxford University Press, New York, 1998). (7) Life cycle analysis approach on Bio-PDO. Data based on DuPont Tate and Lyle Bioproducts Loudon, TN Plant. (8) R. A. Morris and A. V. Snider, Polymers of trimethylene glycol, US2520733 (1950). (9) M. A. Harmer, C. Hoffman, S. C. Jackson, E. R. Murphy, and R. Spence, Preparation of polytrimethylene ether glycol or copolymers thereof, US 8143371, B2 (March 27, 2012). (10) H. B. Sunkara and H. C-H. Ng, Polytrimethylene ether glycol and polytrimethylene ether ester with excellent quality, US 7323539 ( January 29, 2008). (11) H. B. Sunkara and H. P. R. Poladi, Deodorant compositions, US 8114423 B2 (2012). (12) E. J. Lind, P. A. Mayer, J. A. Chase, and C. S. Fouts, Derivatives of 1,3-propanediol, WO 2016040956 A1 (2016). (13) T. F. Tadros, “Colloid Aspects of Cosmetic Formulations with Particular Reference to Polymeric Surfac- tants.” Colloids and Interface science Series, in Colloid Stability, Vol. 4.