WATER-SOLUBLE ELASTIN AS A COSMETIC MATERIAL 23 (9) R. P. Mecham and G. Lange, Antigenicity of elastin: Characterization of major antigenic determinants on purifi ed insoluble elastin, Biochemistry, 21(4), 669–673 (1982). (10) M. Katoh, F. Hamajima, T. Ogasawara, and K. Hata, Assessment of human epidermal model LabCyte EPI-MODEL for in vitro skin irritation testing according to European Centre for the Validation of Alternative Methods (ECVAM)-validated protocol, J. Toxicol. Sci., 34(3), 327–334 (2009). (11) M. Katoh, F. Hamajima, T. Ogasawara, and K. Hata, Assessment of the human epidermal model Lab- Cyte EPI-MODEL for In vitro skin corrosion testing according to the OECD test guideline 431, J. Toxicol. Sci., 35(3), 411–417 (2010). (12) T. Hikima, N. Kaneda, K. Matsuo, and K. Tojo, Prediction of percutaneous absorption in human using three- dimensional human cultured epidermis LabCyte EPI-MODEL, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 35(3), 362–368 (2012). (13) Y. Tokudome, M. Katayanagi, and F. Hashimoto, Esterase activity and intracellular localization in re- constructed human epidermal cultured skin models, Ann. Dermatol., 27(3), 269–274 (2015). (14) A. Adhikari, H. P. Devkota, A. Takano, K. Masuda, T. Nakane, and P. Basnet, Screening of Nepalese crude drugs traditionally used to treat hyperpigmentation: In vitro tyrosinase inhibition, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 30(5), 353–360 (2008). (15) E. Shiratsuchi, M. Ura, M. Nakaba, I. Maeda, and K. Okamoto, Elastin peptides prepared from piscine and mammalian elastic tissues inhibit collagen-induced platelet aggregation and stimulate migration and proliferation of human skin fi broblasts, J. Pept. Sci., 16(11), 652–658 (2010). (16) L. B. Sandberg, Elastin structure in health and disease, Int. Rev. Connect Tissue Res., 7, 159–210 (1976). (17) R. C. Burke, T. H. Lee, and V. Buettner-Janusch, Free amino acids and water soluble peptides in stratum corneum and skin surface fi lm in human beings, Yale J. Biol. Med., 38(4), 355–373 (1966). (18) Japan Health and Nutrition Food Association, A Guide to the Dietary Food Supplement ELASTIN, accessed September 9, 2013, http://www.jhnfa.org/ (19) R. S. Rapaka and D. W. Urry, Coacervation of sequential polypeptide models of tropoelastin. Synthesis of H-(Val-Ala-Pro-Gly)n-Val-OMe and H-(Val-Pro-Gly-Gly)n-Val-OMe, Int. J. Pept. Protein Res., 11(2), 97–108 (1978). (20) D. W. Urry, Protein elasticity based on conformations of sequential polypeptides: The biological elastic fi ber, J. Protein Chem., 3(5), 403–436 (1984). (21) K. Kaibara, K. Miyakawa, K. Okamoto, Y. Uemura, and M. Kondo, Development of biomaterials cor- responding to coacervate characteristics, Kobunshi Ronbunshu, 48(5), 311–317 (1991). (22) D. W. Urry, T. L. Trapane, R. B. McMichens, M. Iqbal, R. D. Harris, and K. U. Prasad, Nitrogen-15 NMR relaxation study of inverse temperature transitions in elastin polypentapeptide and its cross- linked elastomer, Biopolymers, 25, S209–228 (1986). (23) J. D. Bos and M. M. Meinardi, The 500 Dalton rule for the skin penetration of chemical compounds and drugs, Exp. Dermatol., 9(3), 165–169 (2000). (24) T. J. Brown, D. Alcorn, and J. R. Fraser, Absorption of hyaluronan applied to the surface of intact skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 113(5), 740–746 (1999). (25) C. Kawada, T. Yoshida, H. Yoshida, W. Sakamoto, W. Odanaka, T. Sato, T. Yamasaki, T. Kanemitsu, Y. Masuda, and O. Urushibata, Ingestion of hyaluronans (molecular weights 800 k and 300 k) improves dry skin conditions: a randomized, double blind, controlled study, J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr., 56(1), 66–73 (2015). (26) S. Briganti, E. Camera, and M. Picardo, Chemical and instrumental approaches to treat hyperpigmenta- tion, Pigment Cell Res., 16(2), 101–110 (2003). (27) P. A. Riley, Melanin, Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 29(11), 1235–1239 (1997). (28) T. S. Chang, An updated review of tyrosinase inhibitors, Int. J. Mol. Sci., 10(6), 2440–2475 (2009). (29) M. Schurink, W. J. van Berkel, H. J. Wichers, and C. G. Boeriu, Novel peptides with tyrosinase inhibitory activity, Peptides, 28(3), 485–495 (2007). (30) N. W. Hsiao, T. S. Tseng, Y. C. Lee, W. C. Chen, H. H. Lin, Y. R. Chen, Y. T. Wang, H. J. Hsu, and K. C. Tsai, Serendipitous discovery of short peptides from natural products as tyrosinase inhibitors, J. Chem. Inf. Model., 54(11), 3099–3111 (2014). (31) Y. L. Zhuang, X. Zhao, and B. F. Li, Optimization of antioxidant activity by response surface methodol- ogy in hydrolysates of jellyfi sh (Rhopilema esculentum) umbrella collagen, J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B., 10(8), 572–579 (2009). (32) M. Ishikawa, I. Kawase, and F. Ishii, Combination of amino acids reduces pigmentation in B16F0 melanoma cells, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 30(4), 677–681 (2007). (33) C. H. Chang, Y. Kawa, R. K. Tsai, J. H. Shieh, J. W. Lee, H. Watabe, T. Kawakami, Y. Soma, S. Tajima, and M. Mizoguchi, Melanocyte precursors express elastin binding protein and elastin-derived peptide (VGVAPG) stimulates their melanogenesis and dendrite formation, J. Dermatol. Sci., 51(3), 158–170 (2008).