910 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS SUMMARY It is evident from the above, that the applications of electrokinetic phenomena and critical micelle concentration theory could play a signifi- cant role in aiding the formulator to better achieve his goals in developing stable products with longer shelf life. (Received February 3, 1972) REFERENCES (1) Stern, Otto, The theory of the electrolytic double-layer, Z. Elektrochem., 30, 508-16 (1924). (2) Henry, D.C., The cataphoresis of suspended particles. I. The equation ofcataphoresis, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A133, 106-29 (1931). (3) Henry, D. C., The electrophoresis of suspended particles. IV. The surface conductivity effect, Trans. Faraday Soc., 44, 1021-6 (1948). (4) Sennett, P., and Oliver, J.P., Colloidal dispersions, electrokinetic effects, and the con- cept of zeta potential, Chemistry and Physics of Interfaces, American Chemical Sociew, Washington, D.C., 1965, pp. 75-82. (5) Priesing, C. P., A theory of coagulation, Ind. Eng. Chem., 54 (8), 38-45 (1962). (6) Verwey, Evert J. W., and Overbeck, J. T. G., Theory of the Stability of Lyophobic Colloids, Elsevier Publishing Co., New York, 1948. (7) Higuchi, W. I., and Misra, Jagdish, Physical degradation of emulsions via the molecular diffusion route and the possible prevention thereof, J. Pharm. Sci., 51,459 (1962). (8) Haines, Bernard A., and Martin, Alfred N, Interfacial properties of powdered materials caking in liquid dispersions. I, II, III, Ibid., 50, 228,753,756 (1961). (9) Goddard, E. D., and Benson, G. C., Conductivity of aqueous solutions of some paraffin chain salts, Can. J. Chem., 35, 986-91 (1957). (10) Shirahama, K., Micelle formation of some alkyl sulfates in dioxane-water, Bull. Chem. Soc. Jap., 38, 373-8 (1965). (11) Campbell, A. N., and Lakshminarayanan, G. R., Conductances and surface tensions of aqueous solutions of sodium decanoate, sodium laurate and sodium myristate, at 25 o and 35 ø, Can. J. Chem., 43, 6, 1729-37 (1965). (12) Maron, Samuel H., et al., Determination of surface area and particle size of synthetic latex by absorption. VI. Critical micelle concentrations of various emulsifiers in latex, J. Colloid&L, 9• 382-4 (1954). (13) Winsor, P. A., Hydrotropy, solubilization, and related emulsification process. VIII. Effect of constitution on amphiphilic properties, Trans. Faraday Soc., 44, 463-71 (1948 ). (14) Ralston, A. W., and Hoerr, C. W., The electrical behavior of hexyl- and dodecylam- monium chlorides in various dilutions of aqueous ethanol, J. Amer. Chem. Soc., 68• 2460-4 (1946). (15) Ward, A. F. H., Influence of the solvent on the formation of micelles in colloidal elec- trolytes. I. Electrolytic conductivities of sodium dodecyl sulfate in alcohol-water mixtures, Proc. Roy. Soc., London, A176, 412-27 (1940). (16) Lange, H., Proc. Int. Congr. Surface Activ., 3rd, Cologne, 1,279 (1960). (17) Corkill, J., Micellization of homogeneous nonionic detergents, Trans. Faraday Soc., 57, 1627- 36 (1961). (18) Carless, J. E., et al., Nonionic surface-active agents. V. The effect of the alkyl and polyglycol chain length on the critical micelle concentration of some mono alkyl poly- ethers, J. ColloidSci., 19, 201 (1964).
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AND PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 911 (19) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (30) (31) (32) (33) Nakagawa, T., and Tori, K., Solubilization of long-chain alkyl compounds by nonionic surfactants and cloud formation in such systems, Kolloid-Z, 168, 132-9 (1960). Saito, H., and Shinoda, K., Solubilization of hydrocarbons in aqueous solutions of non- ionic surfactants, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 24, 10 (1967). Mankowich, A.M., Selection of surface active agents for detergent applications: sus- pending powder and micellar solubilization, Ind. Eng. Chem., 44, 1151 (1952 ). Mankowich, A.M., Effect of micellar size on physicochemical properties of surfactants, Ibid., 47, 2175 (1955). Moore, C. D., and Bell, Maurice, The solubilization of perfumery materials by surface active agents, Soap, Perrum. Cosmet., 30, 69-76 (1957). O'Malley, William J., et al., The dispersion of liquids in aqueous solutions of amphipitili½ compounds, J. Amer. Pharm. Ass., Sci. Ed., 47, 334 (1958). Steen, Carroll V., et al., A study of aromatic water prepared by solubilization oils, J. Arner. ]harm. Ass., Pharrn. Ed., 1:3, 180 (1952). Strianse, S. J., and Lanzet, Monroe, Applications of the HLB system to the solubilization of essential oils, Soap, lPerfurn. Cosmet., •4, 461 (1961 ). Kenjo, K., Solubilization of essential oils by nonionic surfactants, Yukagaku, 15, 267-77 (1966). Riegelman, S., et al., The ultraviolet absorption spectrum as a criterion of the type of solubilization, J. ColloidSci., 1:3,208-17 (1958). Adamson, Arthur W., A model for miceIlar emulsions, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 29, 261 (1969). Evans, W. P., and Dunbar, S. F., Effect of surfactants on germicides and preservatives, Surface Activity of the Microbial Cell, S.C. I. Monograph No. 19, Society of Chemical In- dustry, London, 1965, p. 169. Aoki, Masaru, Kamata, Akira, et al., Application of surface-active agents to pharma- ceutical preparations. I. Effect of Tween 20 upon the antifungal activities of p- hydroxy benzoic acid esters in solubilized preparations, J. Pharm. Soc. Jap., 76, 939-43 (1956). Erlandson, A. L. Jr., and Lawrence, C. A., Inactivity medium for hexachlorophene (G-11) types of compounds and some substituted phenolic disinfectants, Science, 1187 274-6 (1953). Thabit, R., personal communication, January 1971.
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