118 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE stopwatch, the attendant also provided the audible cues for the ten-second evaluation times during the 120-second evaluation period. For the other-applied evaluations, the rubbing process was performed by another person using their middle three fingers. Otherwise, the procedure was identical. For the bare-fingers evaluations, either subjects used their bare middle three fingers to rub the back of the opposite hand, or the subject's hand was rubbed by the designated "other" person. Otherwise, the procedure was identical. The same "other" applier was used in all cases. Subjects evaluated two samples per session, one sample per hand. Sessions were separated by a one-week period. A random- ized presentation order was employed all subjects evaluated a total of six samples (self-applied or other-applied lotion or petroleum jelly, by the subject or by other bare fingers). STATISTICAL ANALYSIS The responses were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA techniques. For a given sample, means differences between the two application methods were explored at 0, 60, and 120 seconds. For presentation purposes, the means of the pooled subject data were calculated for all samples at each ten-second interval and plotted against time 95% confidence intervals were indicated for all means. The data were also examined for any order effects no order effects were observed. Linear regression analysis was performed for each sample/application method for the time period 20 to 120 seconds to determine if any significant temporal trends (for example, a decrease with time) were present. INSTITUTIONAL REVIEW BOARD APPROVAL This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board prior to initiation. RESULTS Figures 1-3 present the results for the lotion, petroleum jelly, and bare-fingers evalu- ations, respectively. Several observations can be made. First, statistical analysis (repeated measures ANOVA) indicated that significant differences were present within any given sample/application method (p 0.05). For a given product sample, significant differ- ences were present between the two application methods at 0, 60, and 120 seconds (p 0.05). The self-applied "soothing" ratings were typically higher than the correspond- ing "other-applied" ratings for a given sample. Second, all three samples displayed a consistent decreasing rating with time for both the self-applied and other-applied ap- plication methods. Linear regression analysis for each sample/application method (sum- marized in Table II) indicated that the negative slope for each response curve was significant (p 0.05). The highest ratings were seen during the first 20 seconds. The ratings then proceeded to decrease with time. Third, the "soothing" ratings for the lotion sample showed the least decrease with time both the petroleum jelly and bare- fingers ratings showed a more rapid decrease with time. Figures 4 and 5 present plots of all three product evaluations versus time for the

TIME-INTENSITY "SOOTHING" EVALUATION 119 i _ • Lotion - self-applied --a-- Lotion - other-applied 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 TIME seconds Figure 1. Self-applied and other-applied time-intensity evaluations of the lotion product. Mean values at each sample time are indicated along with the 95% confidence intervals for the mean. self-applied and other-applied methods, respectively. It can be seen that the lotion product is perceived as more soothing relative to the petroleum jelly. The bare-fingers rubbing motion is perceived as significantly less soothing relative to the lotion and petroleum jelly. Note that the bare-fingers rubbing motions are evaluated as basically "not soothing at all" by the time two minutes have elapsed regardless of application method. Figures 4 and 5 also illustrate the observation that the lotion maintains its degree of soothing better than the petroleum jelly or bare fingers. Linear regression analysis of the data from 20 seconds to 120 seconds provided slopes (rate of change in "soothing" rating per time) for each sample/application method (see Table II). This analysis indicates that the lotion samples displayed slower rates of decrease in "soothing" rating relative to the decrease rates of petroleum jelly or bare fingers no significant differences were observed between the petroleum jelly and bare-fingers slopes. Also, the self-applied lotion rate of decrease was different from the other-applied lotion rate of decrease, with the former being more rapid. No differences were seen between the application method rates for the petroleum jelly or bare-fingers samples. Of the 20 subjects, none used skin care products such as moisturizers or lotions daily or