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J. Cosmet. Sci., 68, 68–73 ( January/February 2017) 68 Address the epidemic of p-phenylenediamine sensitization and aid marginal farmers in a changing climate CATHERINE CARTWRIGHT-JONES, TapDancing Lizard LLC. THE EFFECT ON THE HAIR DYE INDUSTRY OF THE EPIDEMIC OF P-PHENLYLENEDIAMINE SENSITIZATION There is a global epidemic of sensitization to p-phenylenediamine (PPD) (1). The popularity of using black hair dye to create “black henna” temporary tattoos as vacation souvenirs for Westerners as well as for Muslim and Hindu weddings and social occasions has exposed millions of people to highly sensitizing doses of PPD. Of these people, 50% become allergic to oxidative hair dye and 20% become severely allergic (2). The most commonly used materials for black henna tattoos are 15–40% PPD black hair dye powders (3) as well as chunks of 90% + pure industrial PPD (4). The ornate black henna patterns cover large skin surface areas and the black henna paste is left in place for half an hour or more intro- ducing a dangerously high dose of PPD to the body. Substitution of PPD for safe traditional henna body art began in east Africa in the 1970s when Bigen and Peacock home hair dye kits were marketed in the region. This practice spread and became fashionable in Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Pakistan, and India by the early 1980s (5). Women used high PPD content black oxidative chemical hair dye powders for body art instead of henna because PPD produces black stains on skin quickly the fi nely powdered chemical dye can be manipulated into more complex patterns than roughly sifted local henna. PPD was applied to skin of brides and their wedding guests, and was used for social celebrations. Many were sensitized by the fi rst time their skin was painted with PPD if they were not sensitized in the fi rst application, subsequent celebrations with black henna for Eids, Karva Chauth, and Diwali sensitized them. Five or fewer applica- tions of 10% PPD in a patch test will sensitize 100% of subjects (6) black henna contains 15–60% PPD. Some were unaware that PPD sensitization would affect their health in the future others regarded the blisters that arose after application to be of little concern, regarded as “suffering for beauty.” They felt black patterns were more beautiful on darker skin as well as more convenient. As these women mature, they may decide to dye their hair with oxidative hair dye. For these women, the hypersensitivity reaction can be severe anaphylaxis may be fatal (7). Forty women have died in recent years in Libya from PPD sensitization (8), and offi cials have called for a ban on oxidative hair dye. There has been Address all correspondence to Catherine Cartwright-Jones at reverndbunny@earthlink.net.