51 MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROCESS OF HAND SANITIZER Figure 1. Fold change in hydration and TEWL and pH value after the application of different ABHS prototypes (A.1 to C.3) and the final formulation F#8 compared to the benchmark (D.1 to D.3). *p 0.05 **p 0.01 ***p 0.001 NS means there were no significant differences (p 0.05).

Table III Skin Hydration, TEWL, and pH (Average ± SD) Before and After the Application of Different ABHS (F#1 to F#9 and Benchmark) a Hydration (a.u.) TEWL (g/m²/h) pH Formulation Baseline Application p value Baseline Application p value Baseline Application p value Volunteer number F#1 35.22 ± 7.81 49.62 ± 13.33 ***9.57 ± 1.89 7.26 ± 1.46 ***5.58 ± 0.48 4.93 ± 0.22 ***10 F#2 37.48 ± 8.82 41.1 ± 7.22 **10.45 ± 2.62 8.01 ± 2.18 ***5.37 ± 0.46 4.86 ± 0.24 ***10 F#3 32.85 ± 6.63 34.95 ± 6.15 *10.91 ± 2.43 8.81 ± 2.04 ***5.45 ± 0.45 4.83 ± 0.3 ***9 F#4 40.48 ± 6.9 44.01 ± 5.97 ***9.79 ± 1.99 8.14 ± 1.85 **5.26 ± 0.5 4.44 ± 0.18 ***9 F#5 37.93 ± 5.43 45.75 ± 5.58 ***10.06 ± 2.1 8.3 ± 1.97 ***5.35 ± 0.44 4.55 ± 0.2 ***10 F#6 34.43 ± 7.27 37.05 ± 8.24 **11.02 ± 2.19 9.19 ± 2.48 **5.25 ± 0.33 4.75 ± 0.23 ***10 F#7 40.42 ± 5.43 43.02 ± 7 NS 9.76 ± 1.44 9.2 ± 1.13 NS 5.6 ± 0.36 4.55 ± 0.29 ***5 F#8 35.94 ± 6.75 40.65 ± 6.51 ***10.04 ± 1.63 7.49 ± 1.31 ***5.4 ± 0.43 5.73 ± 0.23 ***13 Benchmark 37.05 ± 6.43 37.24 ± 7.78 NS 10.28 ± 2 7.63 ± 1.59 ***5.4 ± 0.44 5.83 ± 0.22 ***13 a Corresponding p value (paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test, according to data normality). *0.05 **p 0.01 ***p 0.001 NS means there were no significant differences (0.05). 52 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE