228 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE
(19) Lee J, Hyun CG. Natural products for cosmetic applications. Molecules. 2023 28(2):534. doi:10.3390/
molecules28020534
(20) Agrawal S, Deshmukh SK, Reddy MS, Prasad R, Goel M. Endolichenic fungi: A hidden source of
bioactive metabolites. S Afr J Bot. 2020 134:163–186. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.12.008
(21) Rankovic B. Lichen Secondary Metabolites: Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential. Springer 2019.
(22) Singh BN, Upreti DK, Gupta VK, Dai XF, Jiang Y. Endolichenic fungi: a hidden reservoir of next
generation biopharmaceuticals. Trends Biotechnol. 2017 35(9):808–813. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.03.003
(23) Kannangara BTSDP, Rajapaksha RSCG, Paranagama PA. Nature and bioactivities of endolichenic fungi
in Pseudocyphellaria sp., Parmotrema sp. and Usnea sp. at Hakgala montane forest in Sri Lanka. Lett
Appl Microbiol. 2009 48(2):203–209. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02512.x
(24) Chatatikun M. Phytochemical screening and free radical scavenging activities of orange baby carrot
and carrot (Daucus carota Linn.) root crude extracts [abstract]. https://www.jocpr.com/abstract/
phytochemical-screening-and-free-radical-scavenging-activities-of-orange-baby-carrot-and-carrot-
daucus-carota-linn-root--1782.html. Accessed 9/16/2023 published April 30, 2013.
(25) Clarke G, Ting KN, Wiart C, Fry JR. High Correlation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical
Scavenging, Ferric Reducing Activity Potential and Total phenolics Content Indicates Redundancy in
Use of All Three Assays to Screen for Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Plants from the Malaysian
Rainforest. Antioxidants (Basel). 2013 2(1):1–10. doi:10.3390/antiox2010001
(26) Yang YC, Lii CK, Lin AH, et al. Induction of glutathione synthesis and heme oxygenase 1 by the
flavonoids butein and phloretin is mediated through the ERK/Nrf2 pathway and protects against
oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 51(11):2073–2081. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.007
(27) De Souza Mansur J. Determinaçäo do fator de proteçäo solar por espectrofotometria. An Bras Dermatol.
Ilus LILACS. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-34224. 1986 61(3), maio-junio:121-124.
(28) Chiari ME, Joray MB, Ruiz GM, Palacios SM, Carpinella MC. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of native
plants from central Argentina: isolation of an active principle from Lithrea molleoides. Food Chem.
2010 120(1):10–14. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.061
(29) Resende DISP, Jesus A, Sousa Lobo JMS, et al. Up-to-Date overview of the use of natural ingredients in
sunscreens. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 15(3):372. doi:10.3390/ph15030372.
(30) Santander Ballestín S, Luesma Bartolomé MJ. Toxicity of different chemical components in sun cream
filters and their impact on human health: a review. Appl Sci. 2023 13(2):712. doi:10.3390/app13020712.
(31) Elkhateeb WA, El-Ghwas DE, Daba GM. Lichens uses surprising uses of lichens that improve human
life, J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2022 3(2):189–194. doi:10.37871.
(32) Schalock PC. Lichen extracts. Dermatitis. 2009 January-February 20(1):53–54.
doi:10.2310/6620.2008.08033, PubMed: 19321121.
(33) Kosanić M, Ranković B, Vukojević J. Antioxidant properties of some lichen species. J Food Sci Technol.
2011 48(5):584–590. doi:10.1007/s13197-010-0174-2.
(34) Fernández-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Crespo A. Antioxidant potential of lichen species and
their secondary metabolites. A systematic review. Pharm Biol. 2016 54(1):1–17. doi:10.3109/13880209.20
14.1003354.
(35) Tripathi M, Joshi Y. Endolichenic Fungi: Present and Future Trends. Springer 2019.
(36) Rabe JH, Mamelak AJ, McElgunn PJS, Morison WL, Sauder DN. Photoaging: mechanisms and repair.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 55(1):1–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.010.
(37) Warsito MF, Kusumawati I. The impact of herbal products in the prevention, regeneration and delay of
skin aging. In: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019 1178:155–174. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_9.
(38) Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, Sheir D, Nguyen T, Hapuarachchi KK, Thomas PW. Mysterious World
of lichens: highlights on their history, applications, and pharmaceutical potentials. Nat Prod J.
2021 11(3):275–287. doi:10.2174/2210315510666200128123237.
(39) Elečko J, Vilková M, Frenák R, et al. A comparative study of isolated secondary metabolites from lichens
and their antioxidative properties. Plants (Basel). 2022 11(8):1077. doi:10.3390/plants11081077.
(19) Lee J, Hyun CG. Natural products for cosmetic applications. Molecules. 2023 28(2):534. doi:10.3390/
molecules28020534
(20) Agrawal S, Deshmukh SK, Reddy MS, Prasad R, Goel M. Endolichenic fungi: A hidden source of
bioactive metabolites. S Afr J Bot. 2020 134:163–186. doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2019.12.008
(21) Rankovic B. Lichen Secondary Metabolites: Bioactive Properties and Pharmaceutical Potential. Springer 2019.
(22) Singh BN, Upreti DK, Gupta VK, Dai XF, Jiang Y. Endolichenic fungi: a hidden reservoir of next
generation biopharmaceuticals. Trends Biotechnol. 2017 35(9):808–813. doi:10.1016/j.tibtech.2017.03.003
(23) Kannangara BTSDP, Rajapaksha RSCG, Paranagama PA. Nature and bioactivities of endolichenic fungi
in Pseudocyphellaria sp., Parmotrema sp. and Usnea sp. at Hakgala montane forest in Sri Lanka. Lett
Appl Microbiol. 2009 48(2):203–209. doi:10.1111/j.1472-765X.2008.02512.x
(24) Chatatikun M. Phytochemical screening and free radical scavenging activities of orange baby carrot
and carrot (Daucus carota Linn.) root crude extracts [abstract]. https://www.jocpr.com/abstract/
phytochemical-screening-and-free-radical-scavenging-activities-of-orange-baby-carrot-and-carrot-
daucus-carota-linn-root--1782.html. Accessed 9/16/2023 published April 30, 2013.
(25) Clarke G, Ting KN, Wiart C, Fry JR. High Correlation of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical
Scavenging, Ferric Reducing Activity Potential and Total phenolics Content Indicates Redundancy in
Use of All Three Assays to Screen for Antioxidant Activity of Extracts of Plants from the Malaysian
Rainforest. Antioxidants (Basel). 2013 2(1):1–10. doi:10.3390/antiox2010001
(26) Yang YC, Lii CK, Lin AH, et al. Induction of glutathione synthesis and heme oxygenase 1 by the
flavonoids butein and phloretin is mediated through the ERK/Nrf2 pathway and protects against
oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med. 2011 51(11):2073–2081. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.007
(27) De Souza Mansur J. Determinaçäo do fator de proteçäo solar por espectrofotometria. An Bras Dermatol.
Ilus LILACS. https://pesquisa.bvsalud.org/portal/resource/pt/lil-34224. 1986 61(3), maio-junio:121-124.
(28) Chiari ME, Joray MB, Ruiz GM, Palacios SM, Carpinella MC. Tyrosinase inhibitory activity of native
plants from central Argentina: isolation of an active principle from Lithrea molleoides. Food Chem.
2010 120(1):10–14. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.09.061
(29) Resende DISP, Jesus A, Sousa Lobo JMS, et al. Up-to-Date overview of the use of natural ingredients in
sunscreens. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2022 15(3):372. doi:10.3390/ph15030372.
(30) Santander Ballestín S, Luesma Bartolomé MJ. Toxicity of different chemical components in sun cream
filters and their impact on human health: a review. Appl Sci. 2023 13(2):712. doi:10.3390/app13020712.
(31) Elkhateeb WA, El-Ghwas DE, Daba GM. Lichens uses surprising uses of lichens that improve human
life, J Biomed Res Environ Sci. 2022 3(2):189–194. doi:10.37871.
(32) Schalock PC. Lichen extracts. Dermatitis. 2009 January-February 20(1):53–54.
doi:10.2310/6620.2008.08033, PubMed: 19321121.
(33) Kosanić M, Ranković B, Vukojević J. Antioxidant properties of some lichen species. J Food Sci Technol.
2011 48(5):584–590. doi:10.1007/s13197-010-0174-2.
(34) Fernández-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP, Crespo A. Antioxidant potential of lichen species and
their secondary metabolites. A systematic review. Pharm Biol. 2016 54(1):1–17. doi:10.3109/13880209.20
14.1003354.
(35) Tripathi M, Joshi Y. Endolichenic Fungi: Present and Future Trends. Springer 2019.
(36) Rabe JH, Mamelak AJ, McElgunn PJS, Morison WL, Sauder DN. Photoaging: mechanisms and repair.
J Am Acad Dermatol. 2006 55(1):1–19. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2005.05.010.
(37) Warsito MF, Kusumawati I. The impact of herbal products in the prevention, regeneration and delay of
skin aging. In: Adv Exp Med Biol. 2019 1178:155–174. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25650-0_9.
(38) Elkhateeb WA, Daba GM, Sheir D, Nguyen T, Hapuarachchi KK, Thomas PW. Mysterious World
of lichens: highlights on their history, applications, and pharmaceutical potentials. Nat Prod J.
2021 11(3):275–287. doi:10.2174/2210315510666200128123237.
(39) Elečko J, Vilková M, Frenák R, et al. A comparative study of isolated secondary metabolites from lichens
and their antioxidative properties. Plants (Basel). 2022 11(8):1077. doi:10.3390/plants11081077.




































































