JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS 2. Describe in detail a method of counting the number of viable bacteria in a shampoo and list the apparatus required. 3. (a) What are Koch's postulates ? (b) Discuss the application of these postulates to dandruff. •l. Discuss the various factors which determine the consistency of emulsions. Illustrate your answer by reference to the formulation of both liquid and solid W/O and O/W products. 5. Write short notes on two of the following topics :-- (a) The "surface tension theory" of emulsions. (b) The general properties of emulsifiers suitable for use in cosmetic emulsions. (c) The application of the HLB concept to the formulation of emulsions. (d) The use and method of application of polyvalent metal soaps in preparing emulsions. 6. A prototype, O/W, pourable hand cream based on non-ionic partial ester emulsifiers has been developed for the U.K. market. Write down a scheme for the product evaluation tests which should be carried out. 7. What substance in human hair is responsible for its natural colour (except in the case of white hair) ? How can the colour of hair be changed (a) to lighten it and (b) to darken it ? Name one important chemical used for (a) and one for (b). What is the importance of Quinone diimine as an intermediate formed during the dyeing of hair by means of the usual types of oxidation dyes ? 8. A human hair consists of three concentric portions name them and point out which is the most important in permanent waving. Give the name of the protein of which it mainly consists and describe the aspects of its structure which make permanent waving possible by the particular processes normally employed. A permanent waving lotion is to be based on a solution containing six per cent of thioglycollic acid. How much ammonia (calculated as NH3) should it contain ? PAPER II (Wednesday, oe4th June 19•59) Candidates should answer any FIVE questions. Do not attempt to answer more than five questions. Candidates should commence each question on a separate sheet of paper.

SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN 1. Discuss the difficulties xvhich may be encountered in the perfuming of typical products such as: (a) Creams. (b) Soaps. (c) Powders. (d) Lipsticks. (e) Alcoholic perfumes (handkerchief perfumes, toilet waters, etc.). 2. Describe how Citronella and Lemongrass Oils yield a series of important perfumery raw materials, either by isolation or by chemical reactions. Based upon some of these materials, suggest a formula for a definite floral perfume built around them. If you wish, other materials may be included in the formula. 3. What are the desirable properties of a toothpaste ? How can these properties be achieved ? 4. Describe the structure of either a pilosebaceous unit or the epidermis and dermis. 5. Give an account of modern powder compact formulation and manufacture. Give a typical formulation of a solid fragrance of the soap gel type. What precautions are necessary in the manufacture of such a product ? 7. Write a short account of the production of sulfated fatty alcohols. In what type of toilet articles are they used, and give a typical formulation. 8. What are the control limits required for toilet soap, shaving soaps, and shaving creams ? Give a brief description of the soap boiling process. LIST OF SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES (seven out of eleven) Reginald George ENGLEFIELD. Maureen Jo•'ce GRIGGS. Peter JARVIS. Michael PICKTHALL. Pamela Francis OGLE. Ravintlra Manflal SHAH. Margare• Doreen SIDEY.