104 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS my discussion will be restricted to chemical methods of identification. The chemical identification of individual surfactants can be readily accomplished in a thoroughly systematic fashion by a scheme (lb) which involves: (1) Elemental Analysis (2) Analysis for Functional Groups (3) Final Identification. The Elemental Analysis involves subjecting the surfactant to an ignition test and to a qualitative analysis for sulfur, nitro- gen, phosphorus and halogen. From the results of these tests the surfact- ant can be placed in one of the classes listed in Table 1. Figure 1._ Analysis of Surfactant Containing no N, S, P or Metal (ld) Perform Test for Esters Perform Test for Oxyalkylene Groups O, blue O, orange O, orange color color color turning to dark brown Perform Test for Glycerides polyglycerol lester ......... IiOther i polyhydric II (Pøly)øxY-I Ipropylene I Polyoxyethylene- l alcohol Iglycol ester I ipolyoxypropylene. ]ester [_glycol ester I I I Perform test for Glucoside (Poly)oxyethylated Ii iglucose or glucoside lester ,• l'crform Test for Oxyalkylene Groups I I Perform Test for 3 ø Acetylenic Glycols Tertiary Acetylenic • Glycol I .......... I •, orange color turning dark brown IiPolyoxyethylene-I I I polyoxypropylene I [_glycol or ether I I •, green or purple color IEthoxylated I [_alkylnaphthol I I (Poly)oxyethyleneglycol ester Ii I ß ior (poly)oxyethylated sorb•tol, I Isorbitan or sorbide ester I I O, red color I Ethoxylated Ii alkylphenol blue color Perform Test for Aromatic Nucleus 1 I Ethoxylatedll long-chain lalcohol

IDENTIFICATION OF SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS T^ULE 1--C•,^ss•r•C^T•ON Or SuP. r^CT^Wrs u¾ ELEMENTS (lc) 105 Class IA IB IIA IIB IIIA IIIB IVA IVB VA VB VC Elements No "additional elements" (nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus or metal) present Metal as the only "additional element" Sulfur as the only "additional element" Sulfur and metal as the only "additional elements" Nitrogen as the "additional element" (with or without X-, HSO4-, SO4--, HePO4-, HPO4-- or PC4 .... ) Nitrogen and metal as the only "additional elements" Nitrogen and organic sulfur as the only "additional elements" Nitrogen sulfur and metal as the "additional elements" Phosphorus as the only "additional element" Phosphorus and metal as the only "additional elements" Nitrogen and organic phosphorus as the "additional elements" T^ULE 2--GgouPs DETECTED IN A•^L¾SXS tOP. FuNc•rxoN^L GgouPs Aromatic nucleus Ar- Carboxylate --COO- Ester --COOR Glu coside --CH (OH) OR Glyceride ROCHeCH(OR') CHeOR" Naphthenic acid Phenol ArCH Polyoxyethylene --CH2CH•O--x Polyoxypropylene --CH(CHa) CHeO--,• Rosin Derivative Tertiary acetylenic glycol R4ReC(OH) C•CC(OH)RaR4 Unsaturation --C:C-- Alkyl sulfate ROSOeO-- Aryl sulfonate ArSOeO-- Organic sulfate --OSOeO-- Amide --CON ( N C c / fi-Hydroxyamine /I 1% NHe OH •-Hydroxyethylamine • NCHeCHeOH Polypeptide [NHCOCH(R) NHCOCH(R)] x Pyridinium, quinolinium or isoquinolinium quaternary R N--R' Quaternary ammonium rR•NRa'] I_ Tetraalkylammonium quaternary with •26 carbon atoms Tetraalkylammonium quaternary with 25 carbon atoms Trialkylamine Oxide R4ReR•NO