STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF KERATIN FIBRES 441 (14) (15) (16) (17) (18) (19) (23) (24) (25) (26) (7) Fletcher, J. C. and Robson, A. The occurrence of bis-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl)trisulphide in hydrolysates of wool and other proteins. Biochem. J. 87 553 (1963). (8) Ward, W. H. and Lundgren, H. P. The formation, composition, and properties of the keratins. Gdvan. _Protein Chem. 9 39 (1954). (9) Perrin, D. D. Dissociation Constants of Organic Bases in Aqueous Solution (1965) (Butter- worth, London). (10) Cole, M., Fletcher, J. C., Gardner, K. L. and Corfidd, M. C. A study of enzymatic hydro- lysis applicable to the examination of processed wools. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., Appl. Polym. Symp. 18 147 (1971). (11) Holt, L. A., Milligan, B. and Roxburgh, C. M. Aspartic acid, asparagine, glutamic acid, and glutamine contents of wool and two derived protein fractions. Aust. J. Biol. $ci. 24 509 (1971). (12) Menkart, J., Wolfram, L. J. and Mao, I. Caucasian hair, Negro hair, and wool: similarities and differences. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 17 769 (1966). (13) Simmonds, D. H. The amino acid composition of keratins. V. Comparison of the chemical composition of Merino wools of differing crimp with that of other animal fibres. Text. Res. J. 28 314 (1958). Speakman, J. B. and Elliott, G. H. The combination of wool with acids and acid dyes. Symposium on Fibrous _Proteins, Society of Dyers and Colourists, Leeds 116 (1946). Robbins, C. R., Scott, C. V. and Burnhurst, J. D. A study of the causes of variation in the acid dye-combining capacity of human hair. Text. Res. J. 38 1130 (1968). Menkart, J. and Coe, A. B. Microscopic studies on the structure and composition of keratin fibres. Text. Res. J. 28 218 (1958). yon Allw/Srden, K. Properties of wool--detection of damaged wool by chemical means. Z. Gngew. Chem. 29 77 (1916). Leeder, J. D. and Bradbury, J. H. The discontinuous nature of epicuticle on the surface of keratin fibres. Text. Res. J. 41 563 (1971). Whewell, C. S. and Woods, H. J. Measurement of damage in wool materials. II. A new test for estimating small amounts of mechanical modification in wool materials. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 60 148 (1944) Millson, H. E. and Turl, L. H. Influence of the cuticle in the dyeing of wool fibre. Gin. Dyest. Rep. 39 No. 20 647, _Proc. Amer. Gss. Tex. Chem. Color. (1950). (20) Lindberg, J. Rate of acid sorption by wool fibres. Text. Res. J. 20 381 (1950). (21) Lindberg, J., Philip, B. and Gral6n, N. Occurrence of thin membranes in the structure of wool. Nature (London) 162 458 (1948). (22) King, N. L. R. and Bradbury, J. H. The chemical composition of wool. V. The epicuticle. Gust. J. Biol. Sci. 21 375 (1968) Lofts, P. F. and Truter, E. V. The constitution of the epicuticle of wool. J. Text. Inst. 60 46 (1969). Sikorski, J. and Simpson, W. S. Electron microscope studies of the chemical reactivity in keratin cuticle. Nature (London) 182 1235 (1958). Mercer, E. H. _Proc. Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf., Gustralia F 210 (1955). Speakman, J. B. The structure of animal fibres in relation to acid dyeing. J. Soc. Dyers Colour. 52 121 (1936). Bradbury, J. H., Chapman, G. V. and King, N. L. R. The chemical composition of wool III. Analysis of cuticle, skin flakes and cell membrane material. 3rd lnt. Wool Text. Res. Conf., _Paris 1 359 (1965). (27) Bradbury, J. H., Chapman, G. V. and King, N. L. R. The chemical composition of wool. II. Analysis of the major histological components produced by ultrasonic disintegration. Gust. J. Biol. $ci. 18 353 (1965). (28) Parisot, A. and Derminot, J. The amino acid composition of various morphological wool fractions of wool isolated during progressive acid hydrolysis. J. Gppl. Polym. Sci., Gppl. Polym. Symp. 18 45 (1971). (29) Mazingue, G., Ponchel, P. and Lubrez, J.P. The composition and properties of the wool cuticle. J. Gppl. _Polym. Sci., Gppl. Polym. Symp. 18 209 (1971). (30) Rogers, G. E. Electron microscope studies of hair and wool. Ann. N.Y. Acad. $ci. 83 378 (1959). (31) Rogers, G. E. Electron microscopy of wool. J. Ultrastruct. Res. 2 309 (1959). (32) Mercer, E.H. and Rees, H. L. G. An electron-microscope investigation of the cuticle of wool. Gust. J. Expt. Biol. Meal. Sci. 24 147 (1946). (33) Mercer, E. H. Keratin and Keratinization 262 (1961) (Pergamon, Oxford). (34) Horio, M. and Kondo, T. Crimping of wool fibres. Text. Res. J. 23 373 (1953). (35) Kassenbeck, P. and Leveau, M. New methods for examining sections of fibres with the electron microscope: application to the study of wool structure. Bull. Inst. Text. Fr. 67 7

442 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (1957) Birbeck, M. S.C. and Mercer, E. H. The electron microscopy of the human hair follicle. I. Introduction and the hair cortex. J. Biophys. Blochem. Cytol. 3 203 (1957). (36) Fraser, R. D. B. and Rogers, G. E. Microscopic observations of the alkaline-thioglycolate extraction of wool. Blochim. Biophys. Acta 12 484 (1953) Fraser, R. D. B. and Rogers, G. E. Origin of segmentation of wool cortex. Blochim. Biophys. Acta. 13 297 (1954) Dusenbury, J. H. and Coe, A. B. Differential dyeing as an indication of bilateral structure in wool: new findings. Text. Res. J. 25 354 (1955) Dusenbury, J. H. and Menkart, J. The present state of the ortho and paraconcept. Proc. Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf., Australia F 142 (1955) Ahmad, N. and Lang, W. R. Ortho-para cortical differentiation in 'anomalous' Merino wool. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 10 118 (1957) Thorsen, W. J. Estimation of cortical com- ponents in various wools. Text. Res. J. 28 185 (1958) Kassenbeck, P., Jacquemart, J. and Monrocq, R. Mbthodes de caractbrisation des fibres kbratiniques en microscopic optique. 3rdlnt. Wool Text. Res. Conf., Paris 1 209 (1956) Brown, T. D. and Onions, W. J. Anoma- iies in the microscopic structure of some wools. Nature (London) 186 93 (1960) Bon•s, R. M. and Sikorski, J. The histological structure of wool fibres and their plasticity. J. Text. Inst. 58 521 (1967). (37) Leveau, M., Cebe, N. and Parisot, A. Heterogeneity of the wool fibre and the Allwbrden reaction. Bull. Inst. Text. Fr. 42 7 (1953) Dusenbury, J. H., Mercer, E. H. and Wakelin, J. H. The influence of chemical treatment on the properties of wool. I. Alkali solubility as a measure of sulfuric acid degradation. Text. Res. J. 24 890 (1954) Dusenbury, J. H. Characterization of the cortical structures of keratin fibres by urea-bisulphite solubility. J. Text. Inst. 51 T756 (1960) Leach, S. J., Rogers, G. E. and Filshie, B. K. Selective extraction of wool keratin with dilute acid. I. Chemical and morphological changes. Arch. Blochem. Biophys. 105 270 (1964) Mercer, E. H. A note on the digestion of wool by clothes-moth larvae. Blochim. Biophys. Acta 15 293 (1954) Dobb, M. G. Electron-diffrac- tion studies of keratin cells. J. Text. Inst. 61 232 (1970) Mirb, P. and Erra, P. Action of sodium hydroxide on the morphological structure of wool. Bull. Inst. Text. Fr. 23 841 (1969). (38) Kassenbeck, P. Considbrations sur la localisation des liaisons cystiniques inter- et intra- chaines et sur les teneurs en soufre compar&s des fractions corticales 'ortho' et 'para'. 3rd Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf., Paris 1 367 (1965). (39) Kulkarni, V. G., Robson, R. M. and Robin, A. Studies on the orthocortex and paracortex of Merino wool. J. AppL Polym. Sci., Appl. Polym. Symp. 18 127 (1971). (40) Filshie, B. K. and Rogers, G. E. The fine structure of •-keratin. or. Mol. Biol. 3 784 (1961) Fraser, R. D. B., MacRae, T. P. and Rogers, G. E. Molecular organization in alpha- keratin. Nature (London) 193 1052 (1962). (41) Fraser, R. D. B., MacRae, T. P. and Millward, G. R. The structure of •-kerafin micro- fibrils. J. Text. Inst. 60 343 (1969). (42) Dobb, M. G. Protofibrils in ct-keratin. o r. Mol. Biol. 10 156 (1964) Rogers, G. E. and Clarke, R. M. Keratin protofilaments and ribosomes from hair follicles. Nature (London) 205 77 (1965) Dobb, M. G. and Rogers, G. E. Electron microscopy of fibrous keratins. Symposium on Fibrous Proteins, Australia 267 (1968) (Butterworths, Sydney). (43) Millward, G. R. Cellulose contamination: a possible source of error in the interpretation of previous experimental evidence for the a-keratin protofibril. J. Cell. Biol. 42 317 (1969) Fraser, R. D. B., MacRae, T. P. and Millward, G. R. Fact and artefact. J. Text. Inst. 60 498 (1969). (44) Johnson, D. J. and Sikorski, J. Molecular and fine structure of alpha-keratin (I). Nature (London) 194 31 (1962) Dobb, M. G., Johnson, D. J. and Sikorski, J. Molecular and fine structure of alpha-keratin (II). 5th Int. Conf. Electron Micro c., Philadelphia 2 T4 (1962) Johnson, D. J. and Sikorski, J. Molecular and fine structure of alpha-keratin (III). Proc. 3rd Eur. Reg. Conf. Electron Microsc., Prague B63 (1964) Johnson, D. T. and Sikorski, J. Molecular and fine structure of a-keratin (IV). Nature (London) 205 266 (1965) Johnson, D. J. and Sikorski, J. Fine and ultrafine structure of keratin (V). 3rd Int. Wool Text. Res. Conf., Paris 1 147 (1965) Dobb, M.G. and Sikorski, J. Fine and ultrafine structure of mammalian keratin. J. Text. Inst. 60 497 (1969). (45) Ryder, M. L. in Hearle, J. W. S. and Peters, R. H. Fibre Structure 547 (1963) (Butterworths, London). (46) Bradbury, J. H. and O'Shea, J. M. Keratin fibres. II. Separation and analysis of medullary cells. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 22 1205 (1969). (47) Steinert, P.M., Harding, H. W. J. and Rogers, G. E. The characterization of protein-bond citrulline. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 175 1 (1969).