CHRONIC ACTINIC EXPOSURE ON LANGERHANS CELLS 127 that Langerhans cell density starts to decrease late in life, after 70 years of age. Our observations, however, do not extend to high-level chronic UV exposures such as those occurring in outdoor workers. In such populations at high risk of developing UV- induced skin cancers, the possible protective effect of pigmentation against the actinic damage of Langerhans cells remains to be determined. More importantly, as the sun- screens in cosmetics are reported to protect Langerhans cells from acute photodamage (25), the use of sunscreens is also beneficial to prevent the cumulative sunlight damage that may cause secondary damage to Langerhans cells in the later stage of life. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank Dr. K. L. Gabriel and Dr. R. Mark at Biosearch, Incorporated for their help in completing the study. Financial support from Biosearch, Incorporated is gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES (9) (10) (11) (12) (13) (14) (15) (16) (1) I. Silberberg-Sinakin, G. J. Thorbecke, S. A. Rosenthal, and V. Berezowsky, Antigen-bearing Lang- erhans cells in skin, dermal lymphatics and in lymph nodes, Cell. Immunol., 25, 137-151 (1976). (2) W. Aberer, G. Schuler, G. Stingl, H. Honingsmann, and K. Wolff, Ultraviolet light depletes surface markers of Langerhans cells, J. Invest. Dermatol., 76, 202-210 (1981). (3) O. Baadsgaard, K. D. Cooper, S. Lisby, H. C. Wulf, and G. L. Wantzin, Dose response and time course for induction of T6-DR + human epidermal antigen-presenting cells by in vivo ultraviolet A, B, and C irradiation, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 17, 792-800 (1987). (4) B. A. Gilchrest, G. F. Murphy, and N. A. Soter, Effect of chronologic aging and ultraviolet irra- diation on Langerhans cells in human epidermis, J. Invest. Dermatol., 79, 85-89 (1982). (5) J. Alcalay, L. H. Goldberg, J. E. Wolf, and M. L. Kripke, Ultraviolet radiation-induced damage to human Langerhans cells in vivo is not reversed by ultraviolet A or visible light,J. Invest. Dermatol., 95, 144-146 (1990). (6) D. V. Belsito, R. L. Baer, I. Gigli, and G. J. Thorbecke, Effect of combined topical glucocorticoids and ultraviolet B irradiation on epidermal Langerhans cells,J. Invest. Der matol., 83, 347-351 (1984). (7) M. Obata and H. Tagami, Alteration in murine epidermal Langerhans cell population by various UV irradiations: Quantitative and morphologic studies on the effects of various wavelengths of mono- chromatic radiation on Ia-bearing cells, J. Invest. Derm•tol., 84, 139-145 (1985). (8) J. Czernielewski, P. Vaigot, D. Asselineau, and M. Prunieras, In vitro effect of UV radiation on immune function and membrane markers of human Langerhans cells, J. Invest. Der matol., 83, 62-65 (1984). J. Austad and L. R. Braathen, Effect of UVB on alloactivating and antigen-presenting capacity of human epidermal Langerhans cells, Scand. J. Immunol., 21, 417•i23 (1985). B. H. Thiers, J. C. Maize, S. S. Spicer, and A. B. Cantor, The effect of aging and chronic sun exposure on human Langerhans cell population, J. Invest. Dermatol., 82, 223-226 (1984). B. A. Gilchrest, G. Szabo, E. Flynn, and R. M. Goldwyn, Chronologic and actinically induced aging in human facial skin, J. Invest. DermatoL, 80, 81s-85s (1983). V. A. Delo, L. Dawes, and R. Jackson, Density of Langerhans cells in normal vs. chronic actinically damaged skin of humans, J. Invest. Dermatol., 76, 330-331 (1981). A. Gilhar, T. Pillar, M. David, and S. Eidelman, Melanocytes and Langerhans cells in aged versus young skin before and after transplantation onto nude mice, J. Invest. Dermatol., 96, 210-214 (1991). D. N. Sauder, Effect of age on epidermal immune function, Dermatol. C/in., 4, 447-454 (1986). E. Sprecher, Y. Becker, G. Kraal, E. Hall, D. Harrison, and L. D. Shultz, Effect of aging on C57BL/6J mice, J. Invest. Dermatol., 94, 247-253 (1990). B. Berman, V. L. Chen, D. S. France, W. I. Dotz, and G. Petroni, Anatomical mapping of epi- dermal Langerhans cell densities in adults, Br. J. Dermatol., 109, 553-558 (1983).
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