RENEWABLE PDO AND PETROLEUM-DERIVED ALKYLENE OXIDES 117 Table I Green Chemistry Principles of PPDO-4 (Compared to PEG-8 and PPG-4) Principles of Green Chemistry Use of renewable feedstocks Made from bio-based PDO (bio-based PDO made by fermentation of plant-based sugars) Made from petroleum based EO monomer (Petroleum based EO made from oxidation of ethylene BP = -155° F, under pressure) Made from petroleum based PO monomer (Petroleum based PO made from oxidation of propylene, BP = -54° F under pressure) Less hazardous chemical syntheses Nonhazardous PDO monomer feedstock Hazardous EO monomer Hazardous PO monomer PPDO EO and 1,4-dioxane free PEL (8 h TWA) = 1 ppm, exposure limit PEL (8 h TWA) = 100 ppm, exposure limit PEG—Residual 1,4-dioxane, EO Inherently safer chemistry for accident prevention BP = 418F° BP = 51° F BP = 93° F FP = 244°F FP = -20° F FP = -35° F Vapor pressure at 20 = 0.08 mmHg Vapor pressure at 20 = 1095 mmHg Vapor pressure at 20 = 445 mmHg PDO nonvolatile, combustible EO extremely fl ammable, explosive, toxic PO extremely fl ammable, explosive Design for energy effi ciency Reaction of PDO at ambient pressures Reaction of EO under pressure Reaction of PO under pressure

JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 118 Table II Sustainability of PPDO-4 Stearate on Life Cycle (Compared to PEG-8 Stearate) Sustainability life cycle Materials acquisition Bio-based PDO and sustainable palm derived stearic acid Petroleum based EO monomer and stearic acid Transportation Shipping nonhazardous PDO Shipping hazardous (fl ammable, explosive, and toxic) EO over rails and by truck through cities Manufacturing Safe PDO chemistry and process, reactions at ambient pressures Hazardous EO stored under pressure, sensors required for toxic, fl ammable EO releases, volatile EO reacted at 50 psi pressure. Cosmetic product No residual EO or 1,4-dioxane Residual EO and 1,4-dioxane Design for degradation Readily biodegradable (OECD-301 test) Low biodegradability RIPT tests = did not demonstrate potential for eliciting dermal irritation or sensitization Skin irritation = nonirritant Skin corrosion = noncorrosive Ocular irritancy = nonirritant