JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 144 (2) C. Zhang, L. Xie, J. Huang, X. Liu, and R. Zhang, A novel matrix protein family participating in the prismatic layer framework formation of pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 344, 735–740 (2006). (3) L. H. Zhang, J. L. Wang, H. P. Mei, and B. Luo, Beauty effect and health care effi cacy of pearl, Deterg. Cosmet., 25, 177–180 (2002). (4) C. P. Suja and S. Dharmaraj, In vitro culture of mantle tissue of the abalone Haliotis varia Linnaeus, Tissue Cell., 37, 1–10 (2005). (5) Y. Tokiwa, M. Kitagawa, and T. Raku, Enzymatic synthesis of arbutin undecylenic acid ester and its inhibitory effect on mushroom tyrosinase, Biotechnol. Lett., 29, 481–486 (2007). (6) J. Busciglio and B. A. Yankner, Apoptosis and increased generation of reactive oxygen species in Down’s syndrome neurons in vitro, Nature, 378, 776–779 (1995). (7) G. R. Zhao, Z. J. Xiang, T. X. Ye, Y. J. Yuan, and Z. X. Guo, Antioxidant activities of Salviamiltior- rhiza and Panax notoginseng, Food Chem., 99, 767–774 (2006). (8 B. H. Havsteen, The biochemistry and medical signifi cance of the fl avonoids, Pharmacol. Ther., 96, 67–202 (2002). (9) T. S. Wu, C. C. Hwang, P. C. Kuo, T. H. Kuo, A. G. Damu, and C. R. Su, New neolignans from Spiraea formosana, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 52, 1227–1230 (2004). (10) L. J. Meyer and R. Stern, Age-dependent changes of hyaluronan in human skin, J. Invest. Dermatol., 102, 385–389 (1994). (11) H. Scholtyssek, W. Damerau, R. Wessel, and I. Schimkek, Antioxidative activity of ginkgolides against superoxide in an aprotic environment, Chem. Biol. Interact., 106, 183–190 (1997). (12) H. J. Jeon, H. J. Kang, H. J. Jung, Y. S. Kang, C. J. Lim, Y. M. Kim, and E. H. Park, Anti-infl ammatory activity of Taraxacum offi cinale, J. Ethnopharmacol., 115, 82–88 (2008). (13) K. K. Song, L. Qiu, H. Huang, and Q. X. Chen, The inhibitory effect of tyrosinase by arbutin as cos- metic additive, J. Xiamen. Univ., 42, 791–794 (2003). (14) X. L. Piao, S. H. Baek, M. K. Park, and J. H. Park, Tyrosinase-inhibitory furanocoumarin from An- gelica dahurica, Biol. Pharm. Bull., 27, 1144–1146 (2004). (15) Y. V. Yuan and N. A. Walsh, Antioxidant and antiproliferative activities of extracts from a variety of edible seaweeds, Food Chem. Toxicol., 44, 1144–1150 (2006). (16) S. Rout and R. Banerjee, Free radical scavenging, anti-glycation and tyrosinase inhibition properties of a polysaccharide fraction isolated from the rind from Punica granatum, Bioresour. Technol., 98, 3159– 3163 (2007). (17) Y. L. Lee, M. T. Yen, and J. L. Mau, Antioxidant properties of various extracts from Hypsizigus mar- moreus, Food Chem., 104, 1–9 (2007). (18) K. Shimada, K. Fujikawa, K. Yahara, and T. Nakamura, Antioxidative properties of xanthan on the autoxidation of soybean oil in cyclodextrin emulsion, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 945–948 (1992). (19) T. C. Dinis, V. M. Maderia, and L. M. Almeida, Action of phenolic derivatives (acetaminophen, salicy- late, and 5-aminosalicylate) as inhibitors of membrane lipid peroxidation and as peroxyl radical scaven- gers, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 315, 161–169 (1994). (20) P. G. Sator, J. B. Schmidt, and H. Honigsmann, Comparison of epidermal hydration and skin surface lipids in healthy individuals and in patients with atopic dermatitis, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 48, 352– 358 (2003). (21) S. A. Wissing and R. H. Muller, The infl uence of solid lipid nanoparticles on skin hydration and vis- coelasticity—in vivo study, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm., 56, 67–72 (2003). (22) Y. Sunwoo, C. Chou, J. Takeshita, M. Murakami, and Y. Tochihara, Physiological and subjective re- sponses to low relative humidity, J. Physiol. Anthropol., 25, 7–14 (2006). (23) H. Tagami, K. Yoshikuni, K. Inoue, M. Yamada, and Y. Iwase, Functional analysis of factors infl uencing the water content of the stratum corneum in vivo, Nippon. Hifuka. Gakkai. Zasshi., 92, 1363–1367 (1982). (24) A. Sanchez-Ferrer, J. N. Rodriguez-Lopez, J. N. Garcia-Canovas, and F. Garcia-Carmona, Tyrosinase: A comprehensive review of its mechanism, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1247, 1–11 (1995). (25) I. Kubo, Y. Yokokawa, and I. Kinst-Hori, Tyrosinase inhibitors from Bolivian medicinal plants, J. Nat. Prod., 58, 739–743 (1995). (26) Y. Shi, Q. X. Chen, Q. Wang, K. K. Song, and L. Qiu, Inhibitory effects of cinnamic acid and its deriv- atives on the diphenolase activity of mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase, Food Chem., 92, 707–712 (2005). (27) K. Maeda and M. Fukuda, In vitro effectiveness of several whitening cosmetic components in human melanocytes, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 42, 361–368 (1991).

COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT PEARL POWDERS 145 (28) S. Y. Seo, V. K. Sharma, and N. Sharma, Mushroom tyrosinase: Recent prospects, J. Agric. Food Chem., 51, 2837–2853 (2003). (29) I. Gulcin, Antioxidant activity of caffeic acid (3,4-dihydroxycinnamic acid), Toxicology, 217, 213–220 (2006). (30) P. Voss, L. Horakova, M. Jakstadt, M. Kiekebusch, and T. Grune, Ferritin oxidation and proteasomal degradation: Protection by antioxidants, Free Radic. Res., 40, 673–683 (2006). (31) Y. L. Leu, Y. L. Wang, S. C. Huang, and L. S. Shi, Chemical constituents from roots of Taraxacum for- mosanum, Chem. Pharm. Bull., 53, 853–855 (2005). (32) C. H. Jung, H. M. Seog, I. W. Choi, H. D. Choi, and H. Y. Cho, Effects of wild ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) leaves on lipid peroxidation levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in streptozotocin dia- betic rats, J. Ethnopharmacol., 98, 245–250 (2005). (33) C. H. Chang, H. Y. Lin, C. Y. Chang, and Y. C. Liu, Comparisons on the antioxidant properties of fresh, freeze-dried and hot-air-dried tomatoes, J. Food Eng., 77, 478–485 (2006).