227 ENDOLICHENIC FUNGI EXTRACTS
results, further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lichen extracts
or their compounds in cosmetic formulations. Furthermore, the potential of other ELF
compounds isolated from various lichens as natural sunscreens or tyrosinase inhibitors
could be explored in detail.
REFERENCES
(1) Lawrence KP, Douki T, Sarkany RPE, Acker S, Herzog B, Young AR. The UV/Visible Radiation
Boundary Region (385-405 nm) Damages Skin Cells and Induces “dark” Cyclobutane Pyrimidine
Dimers in Human Skin in vivo. Sci Rep. 2018 8(1):12722. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30738-6
(2) Krzyżanowska W, Pomierny B, Starek-Świechowicz B, Broniowska Ż, Strach B, Budziszewska B. The
effects of benzophenone-3 on apoptosis and the expression of sex hormone receptors in the frontal cortex
and hippocampus of rats. Toxicol Lett. 2018 296:63–72. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.006
(3) Singh A, Čížková M, Bišová K, Vítová M. Exploring mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) as safe
and natural protective agents against UV-induced skin damage. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 10(5):683.
doi:10.3390/antiox10050683
(4) Poon F, Kang S, Chien AL. Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging. Photodermatol Photoimmunol
Photomed. 2015 31(2):65–74. doi:10.1111/phpp.12145
(5) Lee SJ, Kim JE, Choi YJ, et al. Antioxidative role of Hygrophila erecta (Brum. F.) Hochr. on UV-Induced
Photoaging of Dermal Fibroblasts and Melanoma Cells. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 11(7):1317. doi:10.3390/
antiox11071317
(6) Solano F, Briganti S, Picardo M, Ghanem GE. Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological,
chemical and clinical aspects. Pigment Cell Res. 2006 19(6):550–571.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00334.x
(7) Liang C, Lim JH, Kim SH, Kim DS. Dioscin: A synergistic tyrosinase inhibitor from the roots of Smilax
china. Food Chem. 2012 134(2):1146–1148. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.003
(8) Lee SY, Baek N, Nam TG. Natural, semisynthetic and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib
Med Chem. 2016 31(1):1–13. doi:10.3109/14756366.2015.1004058
(9) Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of
tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2017 32(1):403–425. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882
(10) Chen J, Ran M, Wang M, et al. Evaluation of antityrosinase activity and mechanism, antioxidation, and
UV filter properties of theaflavin. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2022 69(3):951–962. doi:10.1002/bab.2166
(11) Guan LL, Lim HW, Mohammad TF. Sunscreens and Photoaging: a review of Current literature. Am J
Clin Dermatol. 2021 22(6):819–828. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00632-5
(12) Huang AH, Chien AL. Photoaging: a review of current literature. Curr Derm Rep. 2020 9(1):22–29.
doi:10.1007/s13671-020-00288-0
(13) Gromkowska-Kępka KJ, Puścion-Jakubik A, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Socha K. The impact of
ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging — review of in vitro studies. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021 20(11):3427–
3431. doi:10.1111/jocd.14033
(14) World Health Organization. Artificial tanning devices: public health interventions to manage
sunbeds, World Health Organization. Accessed July 10, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/
item/9789241512596 updated June 13, 2017.
(15) Geoffrey K, Mwangi AN, Maru SM. Sunscreen products: rationale for use, formulation development and
regulatory considerations. Saudi Pharm J. 2019 27(7):1009–1018. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2019.08.003
(16) Cosmetics market size, share, industry trends and analysis 2021–2027. Accessed July 6, 2021. Accessed
July 10, 2023 https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/cosmetics-market n.d.
(17) Market research future. Global sun care products market overview. Accessed August. https://www.
marketresearchfuture.com/reports/sun-care-products-market-6798. Accessed 9/16/2023 August 2023.
(18) Fotoprotección GA: factores de protección y filtros solares. Dialnet. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/
articulo?codigo=5324322. Accessed 9/16/2023 published 2008.
results, further studies are needed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of lichen extracts
or their compounds in cosmetic formulations. Furthermore, the potential of other ELF
compounds isolated from various lichens as natural sunscreens or tyrosinase inhibitors
could be explored in detail.
REFERENCES
(1) Lawrence KP, Douki T, Sarkany RPE, Acker S, Herzog B, Young AR. The UV/Visible Radiation
Boundary Region (385-405 nm) Damages Skin Cells and Induces “dark” Cyclobutane Pyrimidine
Dimers in Human Skin in vivo. Sci Rep. 2018 8(1):12722. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-30738-6
(2) Krzyżanowska W, Pomierny B, Starek-Świechowicz B, Broniowska Ż, Strach B, Budziszewska B. The
effects of benzophenone-3 on apoptosis and the expression of sex hormone receptors in the frontal cortex
and hippocampus of rats. Toxicol Lett. 2018 296:63–72. doi:10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.08.006
(3) Singh A, Čížková M, Bišová K, Vítová M. Exploring mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) as safe
and natural protective agents against UV-induced skin damage. Antioxidants (Basel). 2021 10(5):683.
doi:10.3390/antiox10050683
(4) Poon F, Kang S, Chien AL. Mechanisms and treatments of photoaging. Photodermatol Photoimmunol
Photomed. 2015 31(2):65–74. doi:10.1111/phpp.12145
(5) Lee SJ, Kim JE, Choi YJ, et al. Antioxidative role of Hygrophila erecta (Brum. F.) Hochr. on UV-Induced
Photoaging of Dermal Fibroblasts and Melanoma Cells. Antioxidants (Basel). 2022 11(7):1317. doi:10.3390/
antiox11071317
(6) Solano F, Briganti S, Picardo M, Ghanem GE. Hypopigmenting agents: an updated review on biological,
chemical and clinical aspects. Pigment Cell Res. 2006 19(6):550–571.doi:10.1111/j.1600-0749.2006.00334.x
(7) Liang C, Lim JH, Kim SH, Kim DS. Dioscin: A synergistic tyrosinase inhibitor from the roots of Smilax
china. Food Chem. 2012 134(2):1146–1148. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.03.003
(8) Lee SY, Baek N, Nam TG. Natural, semisynthetic and synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib
Med Chem. 2016 31(1):1–13. doi:10.3109/14756366.2015.1004058
(9) Pillaiyar T, Manickam M, Namasivayam V. Skin whitening agents: medicinal chemistry perspective of
tyrosinase inhibitors. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 2017 32(1):403–425. doi:10.1080/14756366.2016.1256882
(10) Chen J, Ran M, Wang M, et al. Evaluation of antityrosinase activity and mechanism, antioxidation, and
UV filter properties of theaflavin. Biotechnol Appl Biochem. 2022 69(3):951–962. doi:10.1002/bab.2166
(11) Guan LL, Lim HW, Mohammad TF. Sunscreens and Photoaging: a review of Current literature. Am J
Clin Dermatol. 2021 22(6):819–828. doi:10.1007/s40257-021-00632-5
(12) Huang AH, Chien AL. Photoaging: a review of current literature. Curr Derm Rep. 2020 9(1):22–29.
doi:10.1007/s13671-020-00288-0
(13) Gromkowska-Kępka KJ, Puścion-Jakubik A, Markiewicz-Żukowska R, Socha K. The impact of
ultraviolet radiation on skin photoaging — review of in vitro studies. J Cosmet Dermatol. 2021 20(11):3427–
3431. doi:10.1111/jocd.14033
(14) World Health Organization. Artificial tanning devices: public health interventions to manage
sunbeds, World Health Organization. Accessed July 10, 2023. https://www.who.int/publications/i/
item/9789241512596 updated June 13, 2017.
(15) Geoffrey K, Mwangi AN, Maru SM. Sunscreen products: rationale for use, formulation development and
regulatory considerations. Saudi Pharm J. 2019 27(7):1009–1018. doi:10.1016/j.jsps.2019.08.003
(16) Cosmetics market size, share, industry trends and analysis 2021–2027. Accessed July 6, 2021. Accessed
July 10, 2023 https://www.alliedmarketresearch.com/cosmetics-market n.d.
(17) Market research future. Global sun care products market overview. Accessed August. https://www.
marketresearchfuture.com/reports/sun-care-products-market-6798. Accessed 9/16/2023 August 2023.
(18) Fotoprotección GA: factores de protección y filtros solares. Dialnet. https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/
articulo?codigo=5324322. Accessed 9/16/2023 published 2008.




































































