122 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS are weaker, usually containing from 1-5000 to 1-10,000 quaternary plus zinc sulphate, boric acid, or other medicaments. Feminine hygiene products may contain gums, boric acid, glycerin, and sufficient quaternary to provide 1-2000 to 1-5000 concentration in the use solution. These products possess both antiseptic and deodor- ant properties. Such topical preparations as oils, ointments, creams, and lotions may contain from 0.1 to 1.0 per cent quaternary. The higher concentra- tions are used in products with a fatty base because of the slow dif- fusion of the germicide from the oil phase to contact the organisms. Emulsifiers must be non-ionic or cationic. Most popular are alkyl aryl polyether alcohols, glyceryl monostearate, and polyglycol rivatires of fatty acids and carbohy- drates. Waxes, petrolatum, stearyl alcohol, polyglycols, and boric acid are usual base materials. Baby oils, sun tan oils, after shave lotions, and various scalp and hair preparations containing cationic germicides are popular. Medicated ointments and salves are useful in treatment of scalp ringworm. In compounding antiseptic pow- ders, the use of kaolin, talc, and similar materials must be avoided because of their tendency to adsorb quaternaries, thus reducing the pro- portion available for antimicrobial action. Such carriers as starch and sodium bicarbonate are suitable. Quaternary concentrations ranging from 1-500 to 1-2000 are used. Oral antiseptics may contain boric acid, zinc chloride, alcohol, flavor- ing, and sufficient quaternary to provide .02 to .04 per cent in the solution as used. Tooth powders and pastes generally contain 1400 quaternary, plus abrasives, flavoring agents, and emulsifiers. Denture cleaners may be composed of non- ionic detergents, polyphosphates, and other compatible detergent salts. The quaternary content is adjusted to provide 1-4000 concen- tration, when diluted for use (10,- 11). Deodorant liquids and creams may contain up to 2 per cent quater- nary in addition to the usual astrin- gents and other ingredients. For- mulas for liquid and paste forms are available. In addition to their use as antisep- tics in hair preparations, quater- naries are widely used in cream hair rinses. Such compounds as stearyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlo- ride improve the texture of the hair, making it soft and manageable. Neither space nor time permit details beyond these general state- ments. The type of cosmetic products and opportunities for individuality of formula are numerous. The fore- going suggestions may serve as a guide to development of products designed for specific purposes. It is usually possible to add antiseptic and deodorant properties to estab- lished products by merely including the proper quantity of a selected quaternary and substituting com- patible materials for those few in-

GERMICIDAL SOAPS AND COSMETICS 123 gredients which interfere with activ- ity. Detailed suggestions are avail- able from several of the firms manu- facturing quaternary ammonium compounds. The United States Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and several state laws define drugs as articles intended for use in the cure, mitigation, or prevention of disease. The mere presence of antiseptic and germi- cidal ingredients in a product does not necessarily classify it as a drug. However, a product is subject to the drug provisions of the Act if antisep- tic or germicidal activity are claimed for it. The Food, Drug, and Cos- metic Act defines "new drugs" as products containing new and rela- tively unknown materials, known ma- terials in new preparations, or known compositions offered for new uses. Several quaternary ammonium germ- icides have been safely and effec- tively used in a variety of products, and considerable information on their safety and effectiveness is available. The use of these quater- naries as antiseptic ingredients does not generally place the product in the "new drug" classification. However, each product and label must be considered individually, and consultation with Federal and State Agencies is recommended. REFERENCES (1) Lawrence, C. A., "Quaternary Am- monium Germicides" (1950). (2) "U.S. Pharmacoepia" (XIV). (3) "New & Non-Official 'Remedies" (195o). (4) Rohm & Haas Co., Technical Bulletin, San-1. (5) Eggenberger, et al., "Conductometric Studies of Bactericidal Mechani'sms," Annals N.Y. Acad. of Sciences, 53, 105 (1950). (6) Foter and Nisonger, "A New and Direct Approach to the Evaluation of the Germicidal Efficiency of Semi-Solid Pharmaceuticals," oebid., p. 112 (1950). (7) Alfredson, et al., "Toxicity Studies on Alkyl Dimethyl Benzyl Ammonium Chloride in Rats and in Dogs," 7- Am. Pharm. Assoc., 40, 263 (1951). (8) Rohm& Haas Co., Technical Bulletin, San-101. (9) Draize, J. H., and E. A. Kelley, Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Assoc., May, 1952. (10) Rohm& Haas Co., Technical Bulletin, San-50, 51. (11) Lesser, M., Drug & Cosmetic Review, p. 130 (1950-51). GERMICIDAL SOAPS AND COSMETICS* By C. A. L^WRENOE, Ph.D. University of Michigan, Department of Bacteriology, .,Inn Arbor EVIDENCE of the early interest in the germicidal properties of ordinary soaps may be had from the publication of studies on these products as early as 1881 when *Presented at the December 6, 1951, Meeting, New York City. Robert Kock (1) reported that some of the potassium soaps had a definite inhibitory action on the develop- ment ofmicro6rganisms. Probably one of the first reports on studies of a medicated soap was made by Nijland (2) who noted that a sodium soap killed Fibrio comma