GERMICIDAL SOAPS AND COSMETICS 131 tion of improved abrasives or deter- gents to tooth pastes, powders, and liquids. Furthermore, some manu- facturers have actually added anti- septics and deodorizing compounds to the latter in order to make the products more acceptable to the general public. One of the most recent additions to products that are offered for oral hygiene are the chlorophyllins. Extensive promo- tional campaigns are being directed on the use of these agents in tooth pastes, mouth washes, lozenges, etc. Yet, even today the general subject of the deodorizing proper- ties of the chlorophyllins is the basis of some controversy as to whether the claims made for their use can actually be substantiated (27, 28). An excellent discussion on the deodorizing properties of the latter substances in dentifrices has been presented in an earlier report of this symposium (29). Although not directly concerned with chlorophyllin-containing denti- frices, a series of studies was made to determine the possibility of in- corporating a suitable germicide or bacterial inhibiting agent to dental plate adhesives. This investigation was prompted by the fact that un- desirable odors often originate from under dental plates some time after the consumption of foods which are the result of bacterial decomposition of the food particles remaining pro- tected by the denture appliances. Methods. Agar cup-plate tests were made of several denture paste and powder adhesives using $. aureus, as well as normal saliva as the test media. The powders were first mixed with a small amount of sterile distilled water to give pastes of the consistency of the several pastes on the market. The de- pressions, or cups, in the inoculated agar plates were filled with the adhesives and the degree of inhibi- tion of growth of the organisms noted at the end of forty-eight hours incubation at 37øC. Table 4 presents the results of this study. TABLE 4--EFFECTS OF DENTURE ADHESIVES UPON Staphylococcus aureus AND THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF THE SALIVA Product Agar Min. Cup-Plate Inhibition, Method 48 Hours S. aureus Saliva Co-Re-Ga powder none none Poli-Grip paste none none Sett powder none none Staze paste 3 min. 2 min. Klutch powder 1 mm. none Fasteeth powder 4min. none Dentu-Grip powder 6min. 6min. (partial) Wernet's powder 5 min. 6 min. (partial) Dr. Heath's* paste 13mm. 9mm. * Containing 8-hydroxyquinoline. Results. From the data given in Table 4 it will be noted that the addition of a germicide to the "antiseptic" denture product* re- sulted in a paste with definite in- hibitory action against the test organism, S. aureus, as well as, against the bacterial flora of saliva. Subsequent tests indicated, fur- thermore, that the use of the same "antiseptic" paste on dental plates had a pronounced effect in mini- mizing the odors often associated in wearing these appliances. * Dr. Heath's Denture Adhesive, con- taining 8-hydroxyquinoline (U.S. Patent 2,574,476).

132 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS By concluding the list of the application of germicides in soaps and related cosmetics at this point, it is not to be inferred that classi- fication of their use is a complete one. Reference on the latter sub- ject has not been made of the in- corporation of disinfectants to hair tonics, shampoos, cleansing tissue, etc. Furthermore, although some of the application of germicides and deodorants given in this report approach the uses of these agents in medicinal practices, with but few exceptions, no mention has been made of the various disinfectants and chemotherapeutic agents that are incorporated in ointments, pow- ders, solutions, surgical bandages, etc., which are widely used in deep and superficial bacterial and fungus infections. Yet, the evaluation of the beneficial effects of the latter materials against micro6rganisms or as deodorizing agents, in most in- stances, is comparable to the several techniques outlined in this paper. Toxicology and Pharmacology in Soap and Cosmetic Manufacturing. The former two branches of the biological or medical sciences were at one time mainly confined to the testing of new drugs and chemo- therapeutic agents in pharmaceu- tical practices and the medical professions. However, they have also become of significant points of interest for consideration by soap and cosmetic manufacturers during the past several years. It is need- less to mention the implications involved today in the attempt to introduce a new product on the market without proper toxicological and pharmacological controls. While the laboratory testing of the germicidal activities of soaps and cosmetics entails considerable expenditures in funds, time, and personnel for this service, these costs are small in comparison to the efforts that must be expended in ob- taining adequate pharmacologic and toxicologic information on the same materials. Thus, to the average or small cosmetic manufacturers, the cost of including a research program to cover all phases of the controls mentioned, practically prohibits their participation in their highly competitive fields. Fortunately for many of the latter groups, however, services are available from reliable independent research groups who can readily carry out investigative programs with the facilities they already have and can provide the manufacturer with authentic in- formation which is required on their products. Recognization of these responsibilities by all manufacturers in the soap, cosmetic, and related fields, will on the whole avoid any embarassing situations that may arise from failure to conform with the requirements mentioned. Summary. The use of a hexa- chlorophene ( G- 1 1 ) ©- detergent scrub for the preparation of the operative sites of patients for sur- gery failed to provide a "sterile" area for operative procedures. In most instances, "sterile" skin sur- faces were obtained when the areas were finally treated with an alcohol solution (tincture).