POTENTIAL UTILITY OF ION-EXCHANGE RESINS 257 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF Ion-ExcHANGE RESINS Ion exchange resins are divided into four categories, based on their acidic or basic properties, viz., strong acids (sulfonic), strong bases (quaternary amine), weal• acids (carbox¾1ic) and weak bases (polyamine). A more complete classification of synthetic, organic ion exchange polymers is re- corded in Table 1. TABLE 1--TYPES OF SYNTHETIC-REsIN ION EXCHANGERS Functional Group Principal Region of Application --SO3H (nuclear) --CH•SO.•H --COOH --OH (phenolic) --CH2OH •. --CH2SH f --NH2 (aromatic) --NH2 (aliphatic) --NH (aromatic and aliphatic) •N (aromatic and aliphatic) •N • (aromatic and aliphatic) Acid Resins V•ry low pH Low pH Neutral solutions High pH Under investigation Basic Resins Acid solutions Acid and neutral solutions Acid solutions of intermediate strength Strong acid solutions Weak acid and neutral solutions - . ..... ß • • •:• • .•.•:• --: .• "3 ' '". Z.e" ..aa '..•.•:: ' ..: :.'-:. %.:.- ...,.%• % •--v' . :..% ...'.' -'1% '.• .. '• :• ½½'% '.?-' ..•.. ? '•-::•5 -½•' ,,%'": : " ß " - % •'• • •' • ' , ............. %. •'"• •"•-e: •- $ •-.-- • • .... •:: . •-•.. .•-•:...• --..-g..• • .. • .4 • • • : . :: ... . .... ,•..... %.* .... '-•: .• .... --.,•' ..-' • "',':7½ .•'• • • .. ....• .• • • q = :: .: ... *• .... ............ ...• •.• .... .•.-...•. ½"•:.• -, % • • •.:/" ..: • : '..'-' .. -:•.. %.'2 -%:.&'"•_% • '• %....E•.r,-*--' .... • ? •E ':, - •.-• e • .:..-• % ? . .. : •. ...:-- •. • ..... •. •.-½.-::... .•.•.•,½•.• *' %. ß {'•: • ':'" .... ,:, '•e'•- .":--' • .... •-z ,.% :* *' ...... • ......... ....: ........ •.•' .$g':-*' • '• '!-.' .. • • -•*'% ' ."' .•--::-. -'--- *., * '• '* "', .• L:,..• .. .* :•.. '• '• '". '? ..•, j :• Figure 1.--Sulfonated polystyrene type cation exchange resin.

258 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Figure 2.--Quaternary amine, polystyrene type anion exchange resin. Most of the resins now available on the market are prepared by first synthesizing high molecular weight, insoluble copolymers, such as styrene and divinyl benzene, and subsequently treating the insoluble polymeric "beads" thus formed with a reagent to introduce acidic or basic groups. Some idea of the physical appearance of an ion exchange resin can be gained from examining the photomicrograph shown in Fig. 1. This is a typical strong acid (sulfonic) type cation exchange resin which is prepared by sul- fonating a copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene. Figure 2 shows a strong base (quaternary amine) type anion exchanger produced by chloro- methylating a copolymer of styrene and divinyl benzene, then aminating the chloromethylated product to obtain a polystyrene type resin. The exchange groups of these polymeric acids and bases are located throughout the resin structure as depicted in the accompanying diagrams. Figure 3 is a sketch of a cation exchanger bead in the hydrogen form and Fig. 4 is a similar drawing of fin anion exchanger bead in the hydroxyl form. As indicated, ion exchange polymers are solid acids or bases, and they undergo all of the •tandard reactions of these reagents, i.e., neutralization, salt formation, hydrolysis, etc. Figures $ and 6 show typical titration curves for four of the standard exchangers, strong acid, weak acid, strong base and weak base. The fact that these materials are extremely insolubl% high molecular weight polymers means that they have one important char- acteristic not possessed by the usual, water soluble acids and bases--they