318 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Turkey For a long time Turkey has been a supplier of rose oil, derived from Rosa damascena. However, the quality has usually been inferior to that of the Bulgarian product, probably because of obsolete equipment, faulty distilla- tion techniques, and even adulteration. Recently shipments of Turkish rose oil have appeared on the American market that were of much better quality than other lots seen previously in this country. According to reports from Isparta, center of the Turkish rose oil industry, efforts are now being made to supply the world market with high-grade rose oil, and new distillation and extraction equipment has been ordered from Grasse. For 1956 Turkey expects a rose crop of roughly 4000 metric tons, which would yield about 1000 kilograms of distilled rose oil. United States The principal oils now produced in the United States are turpentine and pine, citrus, peppermint, spearmint, cedarwood, dill herb, sassafras, thuja, hemlock and spruce, wintergreen and sweet birch. Among these the citrus and the mint oils offer the greatest interest their production has increased to such an extent that this country is now independent of foreign supplies, and even exports large quantities. •1. Citrus Oils (Orange, Lemon, Grapefruit, Tangerine and Lime). Until about twenty-five years ago citrus oils came chiefly from Sicily and Calabria, where the fruit was processed primarily for the isolation of the oil from the peel. In the United States citrus oils are now a by-product in large-scale juice canning operation. To survive in a highly competitive field an American cannery must utilize every part of a fruit which by its very nature yields many end products: canned juices (straight, concen- trated, pasteurized and froz'en), pectins, cattle feed, citric acid, molasses, vitamins, essential oils, etc. A modern American cannery represents a marvel of technical ingenuity and efficiency--a tremendous advance over the primitive family and village production units formerly so typical of Sicily. A number of highly efficient types of juice and oil presses have been introduced during the past two or three decades, the most modern being the so-called In-Line Whole Fruit Juice Extractor, developed by the Food Machinery and Chemical Corporation, Florida Division, Lakeland, Florida. This ingeniously constructed machine expresses juice and essen- tial oil simultaneously, without contact between the two, which is of great advantage for the quality of both juice and oil. Being only by-products, the American citrus oils can be offered at prices with which old-fashioned producers abroad can hardly compete. (1) In California citrus growers have been organized by Sunkist Growers (formerly known as California Fruit Growers Exchange), a remarkable

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN ESSENTIAL OILS ½ 319 agricultural cooperative of the federated type which now markets about 75 per cent of the total volume of shipments of fresh citrus fruit from Cali- fornia. The function of Sunkist Growers is to protect its members against losses by overproduction and speculation, and to assure the consuming public of a regular supply of fresh fruit at reasonable prices. The coopera- tive has succeeded in developing excellent marketing techniques, and in solving problems for its member growers. Moreover, Sunkist Growers has shown what can be accomplished through extensive research in nutritional by-products, through popularizing and stimulating the demand for these products, and through improving means of production. In 1955 the total sales value of all fresh fruit and numerous frozen, canned and other citrus products marketed by Sunkist Growers was about $167,- 000,000. The organization now comprises about 12,500 individual growers in California and Arizona, with approximately 200,000 acres under cultiva- tion. In addition to more than 150 fresh fruit packing plants, Sunkist Growers owns and operates processing plants in Ontario and Lindsay, California, and Tempe, Arizona. The two plants in California are devoted to the processing of oranges, the plant in Arizona largely to the processing of grapefruit. At Corona and Covina, California, the organization proc- esses lemons. As regards essential oils, California now produces approximately 500,000 pounds of coldpressed sweet orange oil per year (about 75 per cent of this by Sunkist Growers), 750,000 to 1,000,000 pounds of coldpressed lemon oil (75 to 80 per cent of this by Sunkist Growers), and 30,000 to 40,000 pounds of coldpressed grapefruit oil (about 50 per cent of this by Sunkist Growers). Production of distilled oils varies greatly, with demand. The essential oils supplied by Sunkist Growers have long enjoyed a reputation for excellent quality because they are handled with the utmost care: every batch is analyzed, and large bulkings assure a supply of uni- form quality throughout the year, advantages not yet offered by other. pro- ducers in California and elsewhere. Above all, citrus oils marketed by Sunkist Growers carry a guarantee of purity, a guarantee backed by the strict Government control exercised over every phase of operation in the processing plants of this prominent agricultural organization. (2) Florida offers certain advantages over California in so far as orange and grapefruit are concerned--among them availability of land at reason- able prices for new plantations and ease of irrigation, with water drawn from the countless fresh water lakes. Small wonder then that production of orange and grapefruit has increased enormously in Florida, by far exceeding that of California. Production of the oils, too, is heavy esti- mates for 1955 are about 1,200,000 pounds for orange oil, 20,000 pounds for grapefruit oil, 5000 pounds for tangerine oil and 1000 pounds for lime oil (Persian or Tahiti type). Conditions for lemons, however, are less favor-