PROPELLENTS IN PRESSURIZED PACKAGING 357 utilizing mechanical breakup devices should help overcome these defects. Thus, in the near future we can anticipate that nitrogen propelled deodor- ants and antiperspirants will occupy a prominent place in the pressurized packaging field. MARKETING POTENTIALS It should be noted that the cost of nitrogen is practically nil. The propel- ling force for 1000 cans has been calculated to be approximately 15 cents. Nitrous oxide itself also is extremely economical. The cost per unit in a commercial spray food product amounts to less than one-tenth of a cent per can. To a large extent the use of nitrogen in aerosols reduces the com- plexity of the filling operation which prevails for pressurized filling fluo- rinated hydrocarbon propellents. Complex refrigeration and/or pressure filling equipment using the conventional propellents is not required for nitrogen filling. In the proprietary medicine field there is an approximate estimated retail market of better than $200,000,000 for external analgesics, liniments, antiseptics, foot products, burn and poison ivy remedies, nasal sprays, etc. Since we are discussing the inert pressurized concept we presuppose that pressurized products in each of the above categories are desirable because the particular manufacturer or merchandiser does not wish to lose product identity by altering the original physical form of the product. In the cosmetic field the hair dressing and conditioning market rose from $68,000,000 in 1952 to nearly $90,000,000 in 1956. The total retail toiletry volume reached $1,430,730,000 in 1957, an increase of 8.3 per cent over 1956. What percentage of this market will be captured by pressurized containers will be determined by the success or failure of several items now being test marketed or projected for test market purposes. It should be borne in mind that the success of pressurized packaging cosmetics, as is indeed true of any product, depends mainly on the intrinsic value of the product. Mere substitution of one packaging form of a product for another does not insure its success unless the new packaging concept is economical, functional and fulfills a need deficient in other packaging. SUmmARY The use of nitrogen propellent in pressure packing can today facilitate the dispensing of a wide range of materials of relatively high viscosity. The success in transforming toothpaste to the new dispensers may serve as a pattern for many other products, although, of course, the special requirements of each individual product should be studied for adaptation. The problems that arise from one unfavorable condition or another are daily being met and overcome by chemists and engineers in the aerosol field. With the introduction of metering devices it can be anticipated

358 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS that the perspective for pressure packaging of all types will be furth. er ex- panded. BIBLIOGRAPHY (1) Croxton, Fred E., "Bibliography on the Solubility of Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Helium and Nitrogen in Organic Liquids," United States Atomic Energy Commission, AECU- 100 (K-339), Jan. 25 (1949). (2) "CSMA Aerosol Gui:le," Aerosol Div., Chem. Specialties Mfrs. Assoc., June (1957), 95 pp. (3) Drug Topics, May 12 (1958), p. 69. (4) Drug Trade News, April 7 (1958), pp. 30, 36, 43. (5) "Facts on Gases Used for Food Products," Air Reduction Co., Inc. (6) Lange, N. A., "Handbook of Chemistry," 8th Ed., Sandusky, Ohio, Handbook Pub- lishers, Inc. (1952). (7) Stetz, R. J., et al., U.S. Patent No. 2,815,889. (8) Urlaub, George, U.S. Patent No. 2,778,543. (9) Pyenson, H., U.S. Patent No. 2,723,200. (10) Shepherd, H. R., Food Processing, 19, 30 (1958). (11) Prussin, Samuel, et aL, U.S. Patent Applied for, Dec. 6, 1957. (12) Webster, Robert C., Modern Packaging, 31, 151-156, 206, 208 (1957). (13) "Solubilities of Gases in Edible Fats and Oils, Water and Sugar Solutions," Air Reduc- tion Co., Inc., Rept. No. AR-265. (14) Seidell, A., "Solubilities of Inorganic and Metal Organic Compounds," Princeton, D. Van Nostrand Co. (1940). (15) Ausband, John R., Eye, Ear, Nose Throat Monthly 36, 463 (1957). (16) Strobach, William, "Uses of Nitrous Oxide as Refrigerant Gas," presented at the 31st Annual Meeting Compressed Gas Mfrs. Assoc., Inc., Jan. 25, 1944. ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ABSORBERS IN COSMETICS By A. SIGNORE and F. E. WooDw^RI)* Presented )tune 4, 1958, New York City ULTRAVIOLET nIOH'r, either alone or in conjunction with oxygen, is an important factor in the degradation of almost all organic materials. Putting it another way, most organic materials degrade sooner or later in the presence of ultraviolet light• In the past few years a new class of chemicals has appeared on the market. These chemicals are strong ultraviolet light absorbers but are themselves completely stable. They are designed to be used for the protection of commercial products such as plastics, wood, paint, cosmetics, fibers, etc., from the deleterious effects of ultraviolet light. Their use is analogous to that of the antioxi- dants. It is believed that derivatives of 2-hydroxy benzophenone are the most stable and the most efficient compounds for this use and are now marketed under the tradename "Uvinuls, "© "Cyasorb "© and "Light * General Aniline & Film Corp., Central Research Laboratory, Easton, Pa.