OIL-IN-WATER EMULSIONS 21 under controlled conditions was not complete after 90 minutes, and the microstructural changes were kinetically driven. REFERENCES (1) G. M. Eccleston, "Properties of Materials Used in Semi-Solid Formulations," in Materials Used in Pharmaceutical Formulation, Critical Reports on Applied Chemistry, A. T. Florence, Ed. (Blackwell Scien- tific Publications, London, 1984), Vol. 6, pp. 124-156. (2) G. M. Eccleston, The microstructure of semisolid creams, Pharmacy International, 7, 63-70 (1986). (3) G. M. Eccleston, Application of emulsion stability theories to mobile and semisolid o/w emulsions, Cosmet. Toiletr. 101, 73-92 (1986). (4) G. J. T. Tiddy, Surfactant-water liquid crystal phases, Physics Reports, 57, 1-46 (1980). (5) P. J. Quin and D. Chapman, Membrane lipids, Crit. Reviews Blochem., 8, 1-101 (1980). (6) C. D. Adam, J. A. Durrant, M. R. Lowry, and G. J. T. Tiddy, Gel and liquid crystal phase struc- tures of the trioxyethylene glycol monohexadecyl ether/water system, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., 80, 789-801 (1984). (7) W. Curatolo, The lipoidal permeability barriers of the skin and alimentary tract, Pharmaceut. Res., 4, 271-277 (1987). (8) R. Rydhag, The importance of the phase behaviour ofphospholipids for emulsion stability, Fette Seifen Anstrich., 4, 168-173 (1979). (9) K. Tanaka, T. Seto, and T. Hayashida, Phase transformations of n-higher alcohols, Bull. Inst. Chem. Res., Kyoto Univ., 35, 123-139 (1958). (10) F. H. C. Stewart, Phase relationships and spreading behaviour of cetyl alcohol mixtures, Austn. J. Appl. Sci., 11, 157-168 (1960). (11) S. Fukushima, M. Yamaguchi, and F. J. Harusawa, Effect of cetostearyl alcohol on stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions, J. Colloid Int. Sci., 59, 159-165 (1977). (12) K. Larsson and N. Krog, Structural properties of the lipid-water gel phase, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 10, 177-180 (1973). (13) N. Krog and A. P. Borup, Swelling behaviour of lameIlar phases of saturated monoglycerides in aqueous systems,J. Sci. Fd. Agric., 24, 691-701 (1973). (14) H. Hauser, Some aspects of the phase behaviour of charged lipids, Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 772, 37-50 (1984). (15) S. Friberg and K. Larsson, "Liquid Crystals and Emulsions," in Advances in Liquid Crystals, G. M. Brown, Ed. (Academic Press, London, 1976), Vol. 2, pp. 173-195. (16) K. Mandani and S. Friberg, Van der Waals' interactions in three phase emulsions, Progr. Colloid Polymer Sci., 65, 164-178 (1978). (17) L. Rydhag and I. Wilton, The function ofphospholipids of soybean lecithin in emulsions, J. Am. Oil. Chem. Soc., 58, 830-837 (1981). (18) L. Rydhag and T. Gabran, Phase equilibria in the system dimyristoyl phosphatidyl choline/hexadecyl trimethylammonium bromide/water at 30øC. Swelling behaviour of the lameliar phase with different electrolyte solutions, Chem. Phys. Lipids, 30, 309-324 (1982). (19) H. E. Junginger, Colloidal structures of o/w creams, Pharmaceut. Weekblad, 6, 141-149 (1984). (20) G. M. Eccleston, M. K. Behan, G. R. Jones, and E. Towns-Andrews, Swelling properties of emul- sifying wax/water gel phases, J. Pharm. Pharmac., 39P (1988). (21) H. K. Patel, R. C. Rowe, J. McMahon, and R. F. Stewart, A systematic microscopical examination of gels and emulsions containing cetrimide and cetostearyl alcohol. Int. J. Pharmaceut., 25, 13-25 (1985). (22) T. de Vringer, J. G. H. Jooster, and H. J. Junginger, Characterisation of the gel structure in a nonionic ointment by small angle x-ray diffraction, Colloid and Polymer Sci., 262, 56-60 (1984). (23) G. M. Eccleston and L. Beattie, Microstructural changes during the storage of systems containing cetostearyl alcohol/polyoxyethylene alkyl ether surfactants, Drug Develop. and Indust. Pharm., 14, (15-17), 2499-2518 (1988). (24) H. K. Patel, R. C. Rowe, J. McMahon, and R. F. Stewart, Properties of cetrimide/cetostearyl al- cohol ternary gels preparation effects. Int. J. Pharmaceut., 25, 237-242 (1985). (25) G. M. Eccleston and L. Beattie, to be published. (26) G. M. Eccleston, The influence of fatty alcohols on the structure and stability of creams prepared with polyethylene glycol 1000 monostearate/fatty alcohols, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 4, 133-142 (1982).
22 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (27) G. M. Eccleston, Phase transitions in ternary systems and oil-in-water emulsions containing cetri- mide and fatty alcohols, Int. J. Pharmaceut. 27, 311-323 (1985). (28) H. K. Patel, R. C. Rowe, J. McMahon, and R. F. Stewart, A comparison of the structure and properties of ternary gels containing cetrimide and cetostearyl alcohol obtained from both normal and synthetic sources. Acta. Pharmaceut. Technol., 31, 243-247 (1985). (29) G. M. Eccleston and L. Beattie, The influence of emulsifier composition in the microstructure of nonionic semisolids,J. Pharm. Pharmac., 12, 77P (1989). (30) H. K. Patel, R. L. Rowe, J. McMahon, and R. F. Stewart, An investigation of the structural changes occurring in a cetostearyl alcohol/cetrimide/water gel after prolonged low temperature (4øC) storage, J. Pharm. Pharmacol., 37, 899-902 (1985). (31) G. M. Eccleston, M. K. Behan, G. R. Jones, and E. Towns-Andrews, Microstructural changes during evaporation of dermatological semisolids, J. Pharm. ?harmc., 12, 9P (1989).
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