180 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS Table I Results From Post-Treatment Model Study no. Significance levels No. of Standard deviation (p-values) Sides Treatments Subjects Subjects Axillae effect Side Interaction Normality 440 441 444 447 448 455 456 457 459 501 503 504 506 509 512 513 515 518 521 528 532 535 539 540 542 545 550 555 557 558 559 560 561 601 602 603 609 611 614 617 620 621 706 707 708 709 710 711 712 2 40 0.389 0.101 0.036 0.12 0.61 0.66 3 40 0.412 0.065 0.058 0.01 0.87 0.39 2 45 0.528 0.124 0.048 0.07 0.16 0.31 3 46 0.358 0.109 0.018 0.44 0.30 0.63 3 40 0.400 0.069 0.038 0.02 0.10 0.46 3 44 0.493 0.091 0.023 0.24 0.19 0.08 2 23 0.406 0.071 0.034 0.12 0.76 0.44 2 16 0.301 0.111 0.028 0.48 0.12 0.28 3 26 0.441 0. 106 0.022 0.46 0.60 0.72 2 40 0.434 0.098 0.027 0.24 0.84 0.46 2 22 0.312 0.080 0.083 0.01 0.41 0.89 2 24 0.460 0.092 0.071 0.01 0.61 0.70 2 32 0.395 0.109 0.047 0.10 0.61 0.57 2 38 0.452 0.059 0.041 0.01 0.84 0.88 3 39 0.368 0.076 0.028 0.12 0.57 0.64 7 44 n/a* O. 079 O. 016 O. 34 rda rda 7 45 rda 0.087 0.002 0.91 rda rda 2 44 0.272 0.084 0.058 0.01 0.64 0.87 2 43 0.385 0.067 0.042 0.01 0.09 0.76 6 44 0.594 O. 107 0.015 0.52 0.91 0.66 6 20 rda 0.111 0. 080 0.04 rda rda 6 37 0.087 0.175 0.030 0.44 0.05 0.15 3 36 0.304 0.085 -0.001 0.95 0.22 0.67 6 40 0.486 0.103 0.134 0.01 0.58 0.15 2 29 0.325 0. 104 0.038 0.18 0.58 0.46 3 32 0.522 0.122 0.044 0.16 0.85 0.37 3 30 0.323 0.100 0.012 0.64 0.33 0.78 3 34 0.384 0.143 0.009 0.80 0.69 0.15 7 40 0.161 0.113 -0.018 0.46 0.37 0.15 7 31 rda 0.089 -0.008 0.73 rda 0.15 3 23 0.306 0.077 0.073 0.01 0.04 0.59 5 43 0.477 0.085 -0.007 0.71 0.29 0.15 5 40 0.303 0.112 -0.024 0.34 0.65 0.15 3 40 0.308 0.084 0.031 0.11 0.08 0.87 2 20 0.403 0.068 0.015 0.49 0.60 0.89 2 24 0.346 0.060 0.027 0.14 0.96 0.06 6 41 0.249 0.086 0.035 0.08 0.11 0.26 6 41 0.293 0.108 0.035 0.16 0.50 0.31 4 42 0.344 0.100 0.012 0.58 0.33 0.25 4 49 0.391 0.102 0.028 0.18 0.40 0.99 4 45 0.422 0. 143 0.032 0.30 0.82 0.04 7 58 0.360 0.095 0.045 0.01 0.86 0.04 3 53 0.299 0.079 0.078 0.01 0.06 0.56 3 31 0.441 0.094 0.054 0.01 0.47 0.02 6 55 0.399 0.080 0.053 0.01 0.49 0.54 3 61 0.356 0.098 0.023 0.19 0.88 0.60 3 51 0.387 0.086 0.054 0.01 0.37 0.51 4 53 0.344 0.071 0.032 0.03 0.25 0.60 4 43 0.297 0.082 0.032 0.09 0.07 0.66

ANTIPERSPIRANT RESULTS 181 Table I (continued) Significance levels No. of Standard deviation (p-values) Study Sides no. Treatments Subjects Subjects Axillae effect Side Interaction Normality 801 4 44 0.324 0.070 0.012 0.42 0.54 0.51 802 4 46 0.289 0.090 0.019 0.31 0.12 0.67 803 4 43 0.360 0.070 0.077 0.01 0.49 0.90 804 4 49 0.289 0. 101 0.065 0.34 0.30 0.49 805 4 45 0.410 0. 101 0.065 0.01 0.50 0.35 806 4 54 0.355 0. 163 0.070 0.03 0.50 0.15 807 4 38 0.417 0.112 0.075 0.01 0.32 0.75 809 4 50 0.518 0. 161 0.064 0.05 0.95 0.62 811 4 43 0.407 0.140 0.032 0.29 0.11 0.06 812 4 61 0.417 0. 144 0.089 0.01 0.80 0.15 813 4 55 0.450 0.120 0.114 0.01 0.55 0.15 901 4 48 0.336 0.062 0.025 0.05 0.20 0.91 902 5 59 0.375 0.094 0.052 0.01 0.06 0.15 903 4 64 0.477 0.093 0.059 0.01 0.84 0.15 904 5 67 0.338 0.072 0.085 0.01 0.26 0.15 905 5 62 0.390 0.091 0.019 0.27 0.27 0.10 906 5 62 0.419 0.093 0.036 0.05 0.68 0.93 907 3 36 0.356 0.073 0.034 0.06 0.69 0.11 908 5 63 0.384 0.086 0.052 0.01 0.73 0.18 909 3 71 0.369 0.081 0.059 0.01 0.73 0.18 910 4 70 0.395 0.073 0.080 0.01 0.79 0.84 * n/a, not available. As in the two-treatment case, the analysis of variance procedure is composed of a "whole plot" analysis, with subjects as experimental units (EUs), and a "split plot" analysis, with axillae as EUs. RESULTS OF POSTRT ANALYSIS ON PAST CLINICAL STUDIES Table I summarizes the results of statistical analyses for 70 studies involving from two to seven treatments and panel sizes from 16 to 71. The whole plot standard deviation, a measure of the variation due to differences in sweat rates among subjects, averaged 0.400 in log units. The split plot standard deviation, a measure of variation due to differences in sweat rates between axillae within subjects, averaged 0.091 in log units. This result explains why subjects are not often used as experimental units for treatments (i.e., one treatment per subject applied to both axillae), as the precision of such studies would be much lower than in the usual split plot design for a given number of test subjects. The sides, or laterality, effect was statistically significant at the 0.05 level in 31, or 44%, of the studies. The estimated sides effect varied across studies, ranging in value from -0.02 to 0.13. The magnitude of this effect averaged 0.04 units in the log metric, or slightly below 10% sweat increase of the right over the left axilla, consistent with the estimated average baseline R/L ratio of 1.13. This further confirms the findings of Wooding and Finklestein (6) that the sides term must be included in the model to remove this rather large effect from the error term.