EFFECT OF MOISTURIZERS (COMBINED OR SINGLE) ON THE SKIN 183 dry skin. Spray water (almost pure aqua) might not be appropriate for repeated use as a moisturizer. REFERENCES 1. A. Nogueira, F. Sidou, and S. Brocard, Effect of a new moisturizing lotion on immediate and cumula- tive skin hydration: Two randomized, intra-individual, vehicle-and comparator-controlled studies, J. Dermatol. Treat., 22(4), 221–225 (2011). 2. A. T. Lane and S. S. Drost, Effects of repeated application of emollient cream to premature neonates’ skin, Pediatrics, 92(3), 415–419 (1993). 3. F. Hjalte, C. Asseburg, and G. R. Tennvall, Cost-effectiveness of a barrier—strengthening moisturizing cream as maintenance therapy vs. no treatment after an initial steroid course in patients with atopic dermatitis in Sweden—with model applications for Denmark, Norway and Finland, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 24(4), 474–480 (2010). 4. J. Q. Del Rosso, M. Gold, M. J. Rueda, S. Brandt, and W. J. Winkelman, Effi cacy, safety, and subject satisfaction of a specifi ed skin care regimen to cleanse, medicate, moisturize, and protect the skin of patients under treatment for acne vulgaris, J. Clin. Aesthet. Dermatol., 8(1), 22 (2015). 5. M. Lodén, and H. I. Maibach, Eds, Treatment of Dry Skin Syndrome: The Art and Science of Moisturizers. (Springer Science & Business Media, 2012). 6. M. Lodén, The clinical benefi t of moisturizers, J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol., 19(6), 672–688 (2005). 7. M. Lodén, Effect of moisturizers on epidermal barrier function, Clin. Dermatol., 30(3), 286–296 (2012). 8. M. Lodén, “Moisturizers in the Prevention and Treatment of Hand Eczema,” in Textbook of Hand Eczema. (Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014), pp. 279–293. 9. A. V. Rawlings, D. A. Canestrari, and B. Dobkowski, Moisturizer technology versus clinical perfor- mance, Dermatol. Ther., 17(S1), 49–56 (2004). 10. A. C. Seghers, S. C. Cai, M. S. Ho, Y. C. Giam, L. Tan, C. M. Grönhagen, and M. B. Tang, Evaluation of a pseudoceramide moisturizer in patients with mild-to-moderate atopic dermatitis, Dermatol. Ther., 4(1), 83–92 (2014). 11. U. Heinrich, U. Koop, M. C. Leneveu-Duchemin, K. Osterrieder, S. Bielfeldt, C. Chkarnat, J. Degwert, D. Häntschel, S. Jaspers, H. P. Nissen, M. Rohr, G. Schneider, and H. Tronnier, Multicentre comparison of skin hydration in terms of physical-, physiological- and product-dependent parameters by the ca- pacitive method (Corneometer CM 825), Int. J. Cosmet. Sci., 25(1–2), 45–53 (2003). 12. R. Ghadially, L. Halkier-Sorensen, and P. M. Elias, Effects of petrolatum on stratum corneum structure and function, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 26(3), 387–396 (1992). 13. E. Berardesca, EEMCO guidance for the assessment of stratum corneum hydration: Electrical methods, Skin. Res. Technol., 3(2), 126–132 (1997). 14. G. Pellacani and S. Seidenari, Water sorption-desorption test and moisture accumulation test for func- tional assessment of atopic skin in children, Acta. Dermatol. Venereol., 81(2), 100–103 (2001). 15. K. De Paepe, A. Sieg, M. Le Meur, and V. Rogiers, Silicones as nonocclusive topical agents, Skin Pharmacol. Physiol., 27(3), 164–171 (2014). 16. M. Lodén, The increase in skin hydration after application of emollients with different amounts of lip- ids, Acta. Derm. Venereol., 72, 327–330 (1992). 17. L. Fei, S. Chopra, E. Guenin, P. Hilliard, Jr., J. Mattai, and N. Patel, “High Effi cacy Liquid Gel Prod- uct,” U.S. Patent No. 6485716. 26 November 2002.

J. Cosmet. Sci., 67, 185–203 (May/June 2016) 185 Effects of season on stratum corneum barrier function and skin biomarkers KARL SHIQING WEI, CHING STELLA, KENNETH R. WEHMEYER, JEREMY CHRISTMAN, AMY ALTEMEIER, RUSSELL SPRUELL, ROHAN L. WIMALASENA, GINA M. FADAYEL, RAYMOND A. REILMAN, SAFA MOTLAGH, PETER J. STOFFOLANO, KATHLEEN BENZING, and R. RANDALL WICKETT, The Procter & Gamble Company, Cincinnati, OH (K.S.W., C.S., K.R.W., J.C., A.A., R.S.L., R.L.W., G.M.F., R.A.R., S.M., P.J.S., K.B.) and James L. Winkle College of Pharmacy, Cincinnati, OH (R.R.W.) Accepted for publication July 12, 2016. Synopsis The skin on the lower legs of 25 female subjects was evaluated fi rst in the winter, and then again in the summer of the same subjects. Barrier function was determined by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL), and skin hydration and dryness were evaluated by electrical measurements (Corneometer® CM825) and visual grading. Stratum corneum (SC) was sampled using 10 sequential D-Squame sampling discs and analyzed for 2-pyrrolidone-5-carboxylic acid (PCA), keratin-1,10,11, interleukin 1α (IL-1α), interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), selected ceramides, cholesterol, cholesterol sulfate, and selected free fatty acids. TEWL as well as the visual dryness grades were signifi cantly lower in the summer while hydration was higher. PCA was signifi cantly higher in the summer as were the keratins. The ratio IL-1ra:IL-1α, an indicator of skin infl ammation, was signifi cantly lower in the summer. The amount of protein removed by the tape strips was also signifi cantly lower in summer indicating better SC cohesion. Among the SC lipids measured, total ceramides, individual ceramides, total fatty acids, and cholesterol were higher in summer compared to winter. Stearic acid and cholesterol sulfate were not signifi cantly different between winter and summer. INTRODUCTION It is well known that dry skin develops more readily in the winter than in the summer. In addition, skin is more responsive to irritants, such as surfactants in cleansing products, during winter as shown in studies involving exaggerated use of washing products (1–3) and on workers who repeatedly use cleansers in their occupations (4–6). Address all correspondence to Randy Wickett at wickterr@ucmail.uc.edu.