418 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE (41) E. M. Tanvir, M. S. Hossen, M. F. Hossain, R. Afroz, S. H. Gan, M. I. Khalil, Antioxidant properties of popular turmeric (curcuma longa) varieties from Bangladesh, J. Food Qual. 2017, 1–8 (2017). (42) S. Sepahpour, J. Selamat, M. Y. Abdul Manap, A. Khatib, and A. F. Abdull Razis, Comparative analysis of chemical composition, antioxidant activity and quantitative characterization of some phenolic compounds in selected herbs and spices in different solvent extraction systems, Molecules 23(2) (2018). (43) B. Poljsak and R. Dahmane, Free radicals and extrinsic skin aging, Dermatol. Res. Pract. 2012, 135206 (2012). (44) F. Afaq, V. M. Adhami, and H. Mukhtar, Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet B signaling and photocarcinogenesis, Mutat. Res. 571(1–2), 153–173 (2005). (45)Y .Matsumura and H. N. Ananthaswamy, Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 195(3), 298–308 (2004). (46) R. Gredilla, DNA damage and base excision repair in mitochondria and their role in aging, J. Aging Res. 2011, 257093 (2010). (47) A. R. Khandelwal, X. Rong, T. Moore-Medlin, O. Ekshyyan, F. Abreo, X. Gu, Photopreventive effect and mechanism of AZD4547 and curcumin C3 complex on UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia, Cancer Prev. Res. 9(4), 296–304 (2016). (48) P. Anand, C. Sundaram, S. Jhurani, A. B. Kunnumakkara, and B. B. Aggarwal, Curcumin and cancer: An “old-age” disease with an “age-old” solution, Cancer Lett. 267(1), 133–164 (2008). (49) W. Ratnasooriya, R. Pathirana, A. Dissanayake, B. Samanmali, and P. Desman, Evaluation of invitro sun screen activities of salt marshy plants Suaeda monoica, Suaeda maritima and Halosarcia indica, Int. J. Pharm. Res. Allied Sci. 5(2), 15–20 (2016). (50) M. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. P. Gras, J. L. Mergny, and L. Dubertret, UV-A-induced decrease in nuclear factor-κB activity in human keratinocytes, Biochem. J. 338(3), 607–613 (1999). (51) M. Ichihashi, M. Ueda, A. Budiyanto, T. Bito, M. Oka, M. Fukunaga, UV-induced skin damage, Toxicology, 189(1–2), 21–39 (2003). (52) A. Shehzad, G. Rehman, and Y.S. Lee, Curcumin in inflammatory diseases, Biofactors 39(1), 69–77 (2013). (53) A. Salminen and K. Kaarniranta, NF-kappaB signaling in the aging process, J. Clin. Immunol. 29(4), 397–405 (2009). (54) A. S. Adler, S. Sinha, T. L. Kawahara, J. Y. Zhang, E. Segal, and H. Y. Chang, Motif module map reveals enforcement of aging by continual NF-kappaB activity, Genes Dev. 21(24), 3244–3257 (2007). (55) A. Bielak-Zmijewska, W. Grabowska, A. Ciolko, A. Bojko, G. Mosieniak, L. Bijoch, The role of curcumin in the modulation of ageing, Int. J. Molecul. Sci. 20(5), (2019). (56) K. Stepien, D. Wojdyla, K. Nowak, and M. Molon, Impact of curcumin on replicative and chronological aging in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Biogerontology 21(1), 109–123 (2020). (57) F. H. Sarkar and Y. Li, Cell signaling pathways altered by natural chemopreventive agents, Mutat. Res. 555(1–2), 53–64 (2004). (58) M. Rinnerthaler, J. Bischof, M. K. Streubel, A. Trost, and K. Richter, Oxidative stress in aging human skin, Biomolecules 5(2), 545–589 (2015). (59) S. Fayad, P. Morin, and R. Nehme, Use of chromatographic and electrophoretic tools for assaying elastase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase activity, J. Chromatogr. A. 1529, 1–28 (2017). (60) D. Pujimulyani, L. Suryani, A. Setyawati, A. Amalia, R. L. Qodaniah, H. S. W. Kusuma, Elastase, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase inhibitor activities antiaging of curcuma mangga val. extract and its fractions. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 379, 012004 (2019). (61) T. S. Thring, P. Hili, and D. P. Naughton, Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 9, 27 (2009). (62) M. Pena, X. Meng, G. P. Korfiatis, and C. Jing, Adsorption mechanism of arsenic on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(4), 1257–1262 (2006). (63) P. K. Mukherjee, N. Maity, N. K. Nema, and B. K. Sarkar, Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging, Phytomedicine 19(1), 64–73 (2011).

419 Curcumin Against Skin Aging (64) G. D. Liyanaarachchi, J. K. R. R. Samarasekera, K. R. R. Mahanama, and K. D. P. Hemalal, Tyrosinase, elastase, hyaluronidase, inhibitory and antioxidant activity of Sri Lankan medicinal plants for novel cosmeceuticals, Ind. Crops Prod. 111, 597–605 (2018). (65) A. Amalraj, A. Pius, S. Gopi, and S. Gopi, Biological activities of curcuminoids, other biomolecules from turmeric and their derivatives—A review, J. Tradit. Complement. Med. 7(2), 205–233 (2017). (66)Y .H. Kim, C. B. Chung, J. G. Kim, K. I. Ko, S. H. Park, J. H. Kim, Anti-wrinkle activity of ziyuglycoside I isolated from a Sanguisorba officinalis root extract and its application as a cosmeceutical ingredient, Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 72(2), 303–311 (2008). (67) I. Binic, V. Lazarevic, M. Ljubenovic, J. Mojsa, and D. Sokolovic, Skin ageing: Natural weapons and strategies, eCAM. 2013, 827248 (2013). (68) S. I. Rattan, R. A. Fernandes, D. Demirovic, B. Dymek, and C. F. Lima, Heat stress and hormetin- induced hormesis in human cells: Effects on aging, wound healing, angiogenesis, and differentiation, DOSE-RESPONSE 7(1), 90–103 (2009). (69) C. F. Lima, C. Pereira-Wilson, and S. I. Rattan, Curcumin induces heme oxygenase-1 in.normal human skin fibroblasts through redox signaling: Relevance for antiaging intervention, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55(3), 430–442 (2011). (70) N. S. A. Moghaddam, M. N. Oskouie, A. E. Butler, P. X. Petit, G. E. Barreto, and A. Sahebkar, Hormetic effects of curcumin: What is the evidence? J. Cell. Physiol. 234(7), 10060–10071 (2019). (71) S. I. Rattan and R. E. Ali, Hormetic prevention of molecular damage during cellular aging of human skin fibroblasts and keratinocytes, Ann N.Y. Acad. Sci. 1100, 424–430 (2007). (72) M. M. Yallapu, P. K. Nagesh, M. Jaggi, and S. C. Chauhan, Therapeutic applications of curcumin nanoformulations, AAPS J. 17(6), 1341–1356 (2015). (73) M. Shailaja, K. M. Damodara Gowda, K. Vishakh, and N. Suchetha Kumari, Antiaging role of curcumin by modulating the inflammatory markers in albino wistar rats, J. Natl. Med. Assoc. 109(1), 9–13 (2017). (74) G. M. S. Gonçalves, G. H. D. Silva, P. P. Barros, S. M. Srebernich, C. T. C. Shiraishi, V. R. D. Camargos, Use of curcuma longa in cosmetics: Extraction of curcuminoid pigments, development of formulations, and in vitro skin permeation studies, Braz. J. Pharm. Sci. 50(4), 885–893 (2014). (75) L. Yang, Z. Zheng, C. Qian, J. Wu, Y. Liu, S. Guo, Curcumin-functionalized silk biomaterials for antiaging utility, J. Colloid Interface Sci. 496, 66–77 (2017). (76) S. Jebahi, M. Saoudi, L. Farhat, H. Oudadesse, T. Rebai, A. Kabir, Effect of novel curcumin-encapsulated chitosan-bioglass drug on bone and skin repair after gamma radiation: Experimental study on a Wistar rat model. Cell Biochem. Funct. 33(3), 150–159 (2015). (77) F. Zhou, Z. Song, Y. Wen, H. Xu, L. Zhu, and R. Feng, Transdermal delivery of curcumin-loaded supramolecular hydrogels for dermatitis treatment, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med. 30(1), 11 (2019). (78) T. R. Arunraj, N. Sanoj Rejinold, S. Mangalathillam, S. Saroj, R. Biswas, and R. Jayakumar, Synthesis, characterization and biological activities of curcumin nanospheres, J. Biomed. Nanotechnol. 10(2), 238– 250 (2014). (79) K. Coradini, F. O. Lima, C. M. Oliveira, P. S. Chaves, M. L. Athayde, L. M. Carvalho, Co-encapsulation of resveratrol and curcumin in lipid-core nanocapsules improves their in vitro antioxidant effects, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 88(1), 178–185 (2014). (80) R. W. Eckert, S. Wiemann, and C. M. Keck, Improved dermal and transdermal delivery of curcumin with SmartFilms and nanocrystals, Molecules 26(6), (2021). (81) M. S. S. Chanchal Deep Kaur, Topical vesicular formulations of curcuma longa extract on recuperating the ultraviolet radiation–damaged skin, J. Cosmet. Dermatol. 10(4), 260–265 (2011). (82) V. Kakkar, S. Singh, D. Singla, and I. P. Kaur, Exploring solid lipid nanoparticles to enhance the oral bioavailability of curcumin, Mol. Nutr. Food Res. 55(3), 495–503 (2011). (83) N. Suwannateep, S. Wanichwecharungruang, S. F. Haag, S. Devahastin, N. Groth, J. W. Fluhr, Encapsulated curcumin results in prolonged curcumin activity in vitro and radical scavenging activity ex vivo on skin after UVB-irradiation, Eur. J. Pharm. Biopharm. 82(3), 485–490 (2012).