417 Curcumin Against Skin Aging (18) S. Silva, M. Ferreira, A. S. Oliveira, C. Magalhães, M. E. Sousa, M. Pinto, Evolution of the use of antioxidants in anti-ageing cosmetics, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 41(4), 378–386 (2019). (19) D. Rossetti, M. G. Kielmanowicz, S. Vigodman, Y. P. Hu, N. Chen, A. Nkengne, A novel anti-ageing mechanism for retinol: Induction of dermal elastin synthesis and elastin fibre formation, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 33(1), 62–9 (2011). (20) K. K. Lee, J. J. Cho, E. J. Park, and J. D. Choi, Anti-elastase and anti-hyaluronidase of phenolic substance from Areca catechu as a new anti-ageing agent, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 23(6), 341–346 (2001). (21) D. Min, S. Park, H. Kim, S. H. Lee, Y. Ahn, W. Jung, Potential anti-ageing effect of chondroitin sulphate through skin regeneration, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 42(5), 520–527 (2020). (22) K. Indira Priyadarsini, Chemical and structural features influencing the biological activity of curcumin, Curr. Pharm. Des. 19(11), 2093–2100 (2013). (23) K. I. Priyadarsini, Free radical reactions of curcumin in membrane models, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 23(6), 838–843 (1997). (24) A. Jitoe-Masuda, A. Fujimoto, and T. Masuda, Curcumin: From chemistry to chemistry-based functions, Curr. Pharm. Des. 19(11), 2084–2092 (2013). (25) A. Naseema, L. Kovooru, A. K. Behera, K. P. P. Kumar, and P. Srivastava, A critical review of synthesis procedures, applications and future potential of nanoemulsions, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 287, 102318 (2021). (26) K. I. Priyadarsini, The chemistry of curcumin: From extraction to therapeutic agent, Molecules. 19(12), 20091–20112 (2014). (27) S. C. Gupta, G. Kismali, and B. B. Aggarwal, Curcumin, a component of turmeric: From farm to pharmacy, BioFactors. 39(1), 2–13 (2013). (28) T. Jiang, R. Ghosh, and C. Charcosset, Extraction, purification and applications of curcumin from plant materials—A comprehensive review, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 112, 419–430 (2021). (29) Z. Rafiee, M. Nejatian, M. Daeihamed, and S. M. Jafari, Application of different nanocarriers for encapsulation of curcumin, Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 59(21), 3468–3497 (2019). (30) Z. Rafiee, M. Nejatian, M. Daeihamed, and S. M. Jafari, Application of curcumin-loaded nanocarriers for food, drug and cosmetic purposes, Trends Food Sci. Technol. 88, 445–458 (2019). (31) A. Bokov, A. Chaudhuri, and A. Richardson, The role of oxidative damage and stress in aging, Mech. Ageing Dev. 125(10–11), 811–826 (2004). (32)Y .Panahi, O. Fazlolahzadeh, S. L. Atkin, M. Majeed, A. E. Butler, T. P. Johnston, Evidence of curcumin and curcumin analogue effects in skin diseases: A narrative review, J. Cell. Physiol. 234(2), 1165–1178 (2019). (33) F. Shahidi and P. Ambigaipalan, Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects—A review, J. Funct. Foods. 18, 820–897 (2015). (34) K. Bala, B. C. Tripathy, and D. Sharma, Neuroprotective and anti-ageing effects of curcumin in aged rat brain regions, Biogerontology 7(2), 81–89 (2006). (35) A. Zia, T. Farkhondeh, A. M. Pourbagher-Shahri, and S. Samarghandian, The role of curcumin in aging and senescence: Molecular mechanisms, Biomed. Pharmacother. 134, 111119 (2021). (36) B. Kocaadam and N. Sanlier, Curcumin, an active component of turmeric (curcuma longa), and its effects on health, Crit. Rev. Food. Sci. Nutr. 57(13), 2889–2895 (2017). (37) R. L. Thangapazham, S. Sharad, and R. K. Maheshwari, Skin regenerative potentials of curcumin, Biofactors 39(1), 141–149 (2013). (38) K. Jakubczyk, A. Druzga, J. Katarzyna, and K. Skonieczna-Zydecka, Antioxidant potential of curcumin—A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials, Antioxidants 9(11) (2020). (39) A. R. Vaughn, A. Branum, and R. K. Sivamani, Effects of turmeric (curcuma longa) on skin health: A systematic review of the clinical evidence, Phytother. Res. 30(8), 1243–1264 (2016). (40) T. Ak and I. Gulcin, Antioxidant and radical scavenging properties of curcumin, Chem. Biol. Interact. 174(1), 27–37 (2008).

418 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE (41) E. M. Tanvir, M. S. Hossen, M. F. Hossain, R. Afroz, S. H. Gan, M. I. Khalil, Antioxidant properties of popular turmeric (curcuma longa) varieties from Bangladesh, J. Food Qual. 2017, 1–8 (2017). (42) S. Sepahpour, J. Selamat, M. Y. Abdul Manap, A. Khatib, and A. F. Abdull Razis, Comparative analysis of chemical composition, antioxidant activity and quantitative characterization of some phenolic compounds in selected herbs and spices in different solvent extraction systems, Molecules 23(2) (2018). (43) B. Poljsak and R. Dahmane, Free radicals and extrinsic skin aging, Dermatol. Res. Pract. 2012, 135206 (2012). (44) F. Afaq, V. M. Adhami, and H. Mukhtar, Photochemoprevention of ultraviolet B signaling and photocarcinogenesis, Mutat. Res. 571(1–2), 153–173 (2005). (45)Y .Matsumura and H. N. Ananthaswamy, Toxic effects of ultraviolet radiation on the skin, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 195(3), 298–308 (2004). (46) R. Gredilla, DNA damage and base excision repair in mitochondria and their role in aging, J. Aging Res. 2011, 257093 (2010). (47) A. R. Khandelwal, X. Rong, T. Moore-Medlin, O. Ekshyyan, F. Abreo, X. Gu, Photopreventive effect and mechanism of AZD4547 and curcumin C3 complex on UVB-induced epidermal hyperplasia, Cancer Prev. Res. 9(4), 296–304 (2016). (48) P. Anand, C. Sundaram, S. Jhurani, A. B. Kunnumakkara, and B. B. Aggarwal, Curcumin and cancer: An “old-age” disease with an “age-old” solution, Cancer Lett. 267(1), 133–164 (2008). (49) W. Ratnasooriya, R. Pathirana, A. Dissanayake, B. Samanmali, and P. Desman, Evaluation of invitro sun screen activities of salt marshy plants Suaeda monoica, Suaeda maritima and Halosarcia indica, Int. J. Pharm. Res. Allied Sci. 5(2), 15–20 (2016). (50) M. Djavaheri-Mergny, M. P. Gras, J. L. Mergny, and L. Dubertret, UV-A-induced decrease in nuclear factor-κB activity in human keratinocytes, Biochem. J. 338(3), 607–613 (1999). (51) M. Ichihashi, M. Ueda, A. Budiyanto, T. Bito, M. Oka, M. Fukunaga, UV-induced skin damage, Toxicology, 189(1–2), 21–39 (2003). (52) A. Shehzad, G. Rehman, and Y.S. Lee, Curcumin in inflammatory diseases, Biofactors 39(1), 69–77 (2013). (53) A. Salminen and K. Kaarniranta, NF-kappaB signaling in the aging process, J. Clin. Immunol. 29(4), 397–405 (2009). (54) A. S. Adler, S. Sinha, T. L. Kawahara, J. Y. Zhang, E. Segal, and H. Y. Chang, Motif module map reveals enforcement of aging by continual NF-kappaB activity, Genes Dev. 21(24), 3244–3257 (2007). (55) A. Bielak-Zmijewska, W. Grabowska, A. Ciolko, A. Bojko, G. Mosieniak, L. Bijoch, The role of curcumin in the modulation of ageing, Int. J. Molecul. Sci. 20(5), (2019). (56) K. Stepien, D. Wojdyla, K. Nowak, and M. Molon, Impact of curcumin on replicative and chronological aging in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Biogerontology 21(1), 109–123 (2020). (57) F. H. Sarkar and Y. Li, Cell signaling pathways altered by natural chemopreventive agents, Mutat. Res. 555(1–2), 53–64 (2004). (58) M. Rinnerthaler, J. Bischof, M. K. Streubel, A. Trost, and K. Richter, Oxidative stress in aging human skin, Biomolecules 5(2), 545–589 (2015). (59) S. Fayad, P. Morin, and R. Nehme, Use of chromatographic and electrophoretic tools for assaying elastase, collagenase, hyaluronidase, and tyrosinase activity, J. Chromatogr. A. 1529, 1–28 (2017). (60) D. Pujimulyani, L. Suryani, A. Setyawati, A. Amalia, R. L. Qodaniah, H. S. W. Kusuma, Elastase, hyaluronidase and tyrosinase inhibitor activities antiaging of curcuma mangga val. extract and its fractions. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 379, 012004 (2019). (61) T. S. Thring, P. Hili, and D. P. Naughton, Anti-collagenase, anti-elastase and anti-oxidant activities of extracts from 21 plants, BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 9, 27 (2009). (62) M. Pena, X. Meng, G. P. Korfiatis, and C. Jing, Adsorption mechanism of arsenic on nanocrystalline titanium dioxide, Environ. Sci. Technol. 40(4), 1257–1262 (2006). (63) P. K. Mukherjee, N. Maity, N. K. Nema, and B. K. Sarkar, Bioactive compounds from natural resources against skin aging, Phytomedicine 19(1), 64–73 (2011).