300 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE
(7) Murandu M, Webber MA, Simms MH, Dealey C. Use of granulated sugar therapy in the management
of sloughy or necrotic wounds: a pilot study. J Wound Care. 2011 20(5):206–216. doi:10.12968/
jowc.2011.20.5.206
(8) Oryan A, Alemzadeh E, Moshiri A. Role of sugar-based compounds on cutaneous wound healing: what
is the evidence? J Wound Care. 2019 28:s13–s24. doi:10.12968/jowc.2019.28.Sup3b.S13
(9) Kruse CR, Singh M, Sørensen JA, Eriksson E, Nuutila K. The effect of local hyperglycemia on skin
cells in vitro and on wound healing in euglycemic rats. J Surg Res. 2016 206(2):418–426. doi:10.1016/j.
jss.2016.08.060
(10) Stawny M, Olijarczyk R, Jaroszkiewicz E, Jelińska A. Pharmaceutical point of view on parenteral
nutrition. Sci World J. 2013 415310. doi:10.1155/2013/415310
(11) Trinder P. Determination of blood glucose using an oxidase-peroxidase system with a non-carcinogenic
chromogen. J Clin Pathol. 1969 22(2):158–161. doi:10.1136/jcp.22.2.158
(12) Galant AL, Kaufman RC, Wilson JD. Glucose: detection and analysis. Food Chem. 2015 188:149–160.
doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.04.071
(13) Mildau G. General review of official methods of analysis of cosmetics. In: Salvador A, Chisvert A, eds.
Analysis of Cosmetic Products. 2nd ed. Elsevier Science B.V.
(14) Celeiro M, Garcia-Jares C, Llompart M, Lores M. Recent advances in sample preparation for cosmetics
and personal care products analysis. Molecules. 2021 26(16):4900. doi:10.3390/molecules26164900
(15) Zangheri M, Calabretta MM, Calabria D, et al. Immunological analytical techniques for cosmetics
quality control and process monitoring. Processes. 2021 9(11):1982. doi:10.3390/pr9111982
(16) Fan Y, Li J, Guo Y, Xie L, Zhang G. Digital image colorimetry on smartphone for chemical analysis: a
review. Measurement. 2021 171:2020.108829. doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2020.108829
(17) Schneider CA, Rasband WS, Eliceiri KW. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nat
Methods. 2012 9(7):671–675. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2089
(18) Doi T, Kajimura K, Takatori S, Fukui N, Taguchi S, Iwagami S. Simultaneous measurement of diazolidinyl
urea, urea, and allantoin in cosmetic samples by hydrophilic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr
B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2009 877(10):1005–1010. doi:10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.02.032
(19) Tiwari M, Mhatre S, Vyas T, Bapna A, Raghavan G. A validated HPLC-RID method for quantification
and optimization of total sugars: fructose, glucose, sucrose, and lactose in eggless mayonnaise. Separations.
2023 10(3):199. doi:10.3390/separations10030199
(20) Singh SP, Modi DR, Tiwari RK. Biochemical, thermodynamic and kinetic characterization of glucose
oxidase purified from Pseudomonas and Actinomyces spp. from natural sources. J Pure Appl Microbiol.
2019 13(4):2445–2460. doi:10.22207/JPAM.13.4.60
(21) Krishna OD, Kiick KL. Protein- and peptide-modified synthetic polymeric biomaterials. Pept Sci.
2010 94:32–48. doi:10.1002/bip.21333
(22) Adams EC, Mast RL, Free AH. Specificity of glucose oxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys. 1960 91:230–234.
doi:10.1016/0003-9861(60)90495-1

301
*Address all correspondence to Gabriella Baki, Gabriella.Baki@utoledo.edu
J. Cosmet. Sci., 74.5, 301–314 (September/October 2023)
Should Consumers Transfer Inorganic Sunscreens Into
Travel-Size Containers? Evaluation of Inorganic Sunscreen
Emulsion Performance, Quality, and Stability in a 12-Week
Study
AVA M. PERKINS, NONGDO BOUGOUMA AND GABRIELLA BAKI
The University of Toledo, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy
Practice, Toledo, OH, United States (A.P., N.B., G.B.)
Accepted for publication September 27, 2023.
Synopsis
With COVID-19 restrictions lifting over the past year, consumers feel more inclined to travel, especially
to warmer climates. Due to the Transportation Security Administration’s regulations, consumers must use
smaller-sized personal care products, including sunscreen, by either purchasing travel-sized products or
transferring them to alternative packaging that are 3.4 oz or smaller. Doing so may result in stability issues
impacting the products’ safety and efficacy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality, stability, and
performance of three commercial inorganic sunscreen emulsions containing zinc oxide, titanium dioxide, and
a combination of these UV filters when transferred from their original packaging into four different travel-
size (i.e., 2 oz) containers, including clear plastic bottles, clear glass jars, aluminum jars, and silicone bottles.
The sunscreens were evaluated for in vitro SPF, critical wavelength, spreadability, pH, viscosity, particle size,
and physical stability after a 0-, 2-, 4-, 8-, and 12-week period at 25°C and 45°C. Additionally, the samples
were subject to three freeze-thaw cycles. The silicone bottles proved to be unsuitable packaging for inorganic
sunscreen emulsions due to the loss of material, changes in spreadability, and the substantial increase in
in vitro SPF values of all three sunscreens. The titanium dioxide-based sunscreens solidified in silicone
packaging both at 25°C and 45°C after 2 weeks, and the zinc oxide-based and combination sunscreens’ in
vitro SPF in silicone packaging at 25°C increased by 123% and 636%, respectively, and at 45°C increased by
136% and 766%, respectively. Additionally, the firmness of the zinc oxide-based and combination sunscreen
changed significantly in silicone packaging at 25°C during the stability study. While transferring personal
care products into smaller, trendy containers may sound like a reasonable option for consumers, doing so
could trigger compatibility issues between the packaging and the product. Transferring sunscreens from their
original packaging leads to changes in the product’s appearance, and most importantly, it can affect the extent
of protection they provide.
INTRODUCTION
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, the number of traveling passengers
recorded by the Travel Security Administration (TSA) has doubled in the past two years.1