SKIN DELIVERY OF VITAMIN E 275 increase in stratum corenum levels of the active. The dermis with its associated sweat glands also has a special affinity for vitamin E. Vitamin E is absorbed into all layers of the epidermis and then goes into various tissues in the dermis. It is thought to infiltrate into the hair follicles by way of the pilosebaceous canal. Few delivery systems of tx-tocopherol have been studied to date, and there is little definitive comparison of the delivery of tx-tocopherol from different formulations. Fur- ther studies on the effect of various formulation parameters on the absorption and release of tx-tocopherol in human skin are necessary. Despite the number of papers on vitamin E, enzymatic bioconversion of vitamin E acetate to the active form and its percutaneous absorption from formulations has not been systematically characterized. In vitro studies should take into consideration skin viability, receptor suitability, and skin manipulation techniques so that the enzyme activities in the skin are not compro- mised throughout the experiment. Knowing that the molecular pathways leading to the various cutaneous pathologies are presumably unique, a suitable biological endpoint is critical in in vivo studies. Optimization of delivery will insure a place for vitamin E in the cosmetic scientist's armamentarium for the next millenium. REFERENCES (1) K. Furuse, Vitamin E: Biological and clinical aspects of topical treatment, Cosmet. Toilerr., 102, 99-116 (1987). (2) B. Idson, Vitamins in emolliency and moisturizing preparations, Cosmet. Toilerr., 93, 77-79 (1978). (3) B. Idson, Vitamins and the skin, Cosmet. Toiletr., 108, 79-94 (1993). (4) J. B. Massey and H.J. Pownall, Interaction of o•-tocopherol with model human high-density lipo- proteins, Bipophys. J., 75, 2923-2931 (1998). (5) C. R. Taylor, R. S. Stern, J. J. Leyden, and B. A. Gilchrest, Photoaging/photodamage and photopro- tection, J. Am. Acad. Dermatol., 22, 1-15 (1990). (6) A.L. Norris, Free radical formation in the skin following exposure to ultraviolet light, J. Invest. Dermatol., 39, 445•448 (1962). (7) M.A. Pathak and K. Stratton, Free radicals in human skin before and after exposure to light, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 123,468•476 (1968). (8) E. Niki, "Function of Vitamin E as Antioxidant in the Membranes," in Vitamin E: Its Usefulness in Health and in Curing Diseases, M. Minoe, H. Nakamura, A.T. Diplock, and H.J. Kayden, Eds. (Karger, New York, 1992), pp. 23-30. (9) A. Kamal-Eldin and L-A. Appleqvist, The chemistry and antioxidant properties of tocopherols and tocotrienols, Lipids, 31, 671-701 (1996). (10) D. Djerassi, Vitamin E: Biochemical function and its role in cosmetics, Drug Cosmet. Indus., 138, 46•49, 77 (1986). (11) M. Meydani, C. P. Verdon, and J. B. Blumberg, Effect of vitamin E, selenium and age on lipid peroxidation events in rat cerebrum, Nutr. Res., 5, 1227-1236 (1985). (12) K. U. Ingold, G. W. Berton, D. O. Foster, M. Zuker, L. Hughes, S. Lacelie, E. Lusztyk, and M. Slaby, A new vitamin E analogue more active than tx-tocopherol in the rat curative myopathy bioassay, FEBS Lett., 205, 117-120 (1986). (13) K.U. Ingold, A. Webb, D. Witter, G. W. Burton, T. A. Metacalfe, and D. P. Muller, Vitamin E remains the major lipid-soluble, chain-breaking antioxidant in human plasma even in individuals suffering severe vitamin E deficiency, Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 259, 224-225 (1987). (14) K.U. Ingold, G. W. Burton, D. O. Foster, and L. Hughes, Further studies of a new vitamin E analogue more active than tx-tocopherol in the rat curative myopathy bioassay, FEBS Lett., 267, 63-67 (1990). (15) K. U. Ingold, G. W. Burton, D. O. Foster, and L. Hughes, Is methyl-branching in tx-tocopherols "tail" important for its in vivo activity? Rat curative bioassay measurements of the vitamin E activity of three 2RS-n-alkyl-2, 5, 7, 8-tetramethyl-6-hydroxychromans, Free Rad. BioL Med., 9, 205-210 (1990).
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