375 EFFECT OF EYELINER ON THE PERCEIVED SCLERA COLOR mascara (e.g., Japanese makeup technique websites only (21), surveyed by Google search in March 2020). The results of the experiments presented here support the empirical findings of makeup artists. However, the present study was only conducted on artificially generated facial images, i.e., the average face image with eye and makeup manipulation. The present results may differ from visual effects occurring on real faces, owing to the use of an average face. For example, high-frequency features such as hair and edges of facial features are not clear in facial images that undergo the averaging process. Therefore, in this test, the eye-contour–sharpening effects of the eyeliner may have been more pronounced than the actual facial phenomena. Additionally, the experimental results obtained by an average face only reflect the makeup effect for a single eyelid shape however, there is variation in Asian eyelid shape (22,23). A study on more realistic conditions, such as varied real facial images with real makeup, is required as the next step in this investigation. Additionally, final verification of the makeup effect should be conducted by assessing the face of real users, not a facial image on a monitor. The influence of perceptual sclera whiteness might be a cross-cultural cue for facial impressions. Porcheron et al. reported that the change in contrast between the eyes and the surrounding skin is a common sign of aging in Caucasian, Chinese, Latin American, and South African populations, and that facial contrast is a common cross-cultural cue for perceiving age (6). As reported in earlier studies, sclera color is an important factor of facial contrast (7,24). However, it has a limited influence on the attractiveness of one’s appearance, and more scientific studies on empirically known factors for visual impressions (e.g., estimated interpupillary distance, gaze duration, etc.) are necessary. Although the present study illustrates only a small part of the enormous changes caused by makeup, the accumulation of such research will support the effectiveness of already- developed makeup products based on a great deal of experience and will provide clues for developing more innovative makeup products. REFERENCES (1) R. Mulhern, G. Fieldman, T. Hussey, J. L. Lévêque, and P. Pineau, Do cosmetics enhance female Caucasian facial attractiveness?, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 25, 199–205 (2003). (2) R. C. E. Michael, Measuring the physical in physical attractiveness: quasi-experiments on the sociobiology of female facial beauty, J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 50, 925–935 (1986). (3) S. Matsushita, K. Morikawa, and H. Yamanami, Measurement of eye size illusion caused by eyeliner, mascara, and eye shadow, J. Cosmet. Sci. 66, 161–174 (2014). (4) S. Ueda and T. Koyama, Influence of eye make-up on the perception of gaze direction, Int. J. Cosmet. Sci. 33, 514–518 (2011). (5) A. Porcheron, E. Mauger, and R. Russell, Aspects of facial contrast decrease with age and are cues for age perception, PLoS One, 8, e57985 (2013). (6) A. Porcheron, E. Mauger, F. Soppelsa, Y. Liu, L. Ge, O. Pascalis, R. Russell, and F. Morizot, Facial contrast is a cross-cultural cue for perceiving age, Front. Psychol. 8, 1208 (2017). (7) R. Russell, J. R. Sweda, A. Porcheron, and E. Mauger, Sclera color changes with age and is a cue for perceiving age, health, and beauty, Psychol. Aging 29, 626–635 (2014). (8) A. L. Diamond, Foveal simultaneous brightness contrast as a function of inducing-and test-field luminances, J. Exp. Psychol. 45, 304–314 (1953). (9) A. L. Diamond, Foveal simultaneous contrast as a function of inducing-field area, J. Exp. Psychol. 50, 144–152 (1955).

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