202 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE (9) M. Gloor and W. Gehring, Increase in hydration and protective function of horny layer by glycerol and a W/0 emulsion: Are these effects maintained during long-term use? Contact Dermatitis, 44, 123-125 (2001). (10) J. W. Fluhr, M. Gloor, et al., Comparative study of five instruments measuring stratum corneum hydration (Corneometer CM 820 and CM 825, Skicon 200, Nova DPM 90003, DermLab). Part I. In vitro, Skin Res. Technol., 5, 161-170 (1999). (11) M. Batt and E. Fairhust, Hydration of the stratum corneum,J. Cosmet. Sci., 8, 253-264 (1986). (12) M. Hara, T. Ma, et al., Selectively reduced glycerol in skin of aquaporin-3-deficient mice may account for impaired skin hydration, elasticity, and barrier recovery, J. Biol. Chern., 277, 46616--46621 (2002). (13) T. Ma, M. Hara, et al., Impaired stratum corneum hydration in mice lacking epidermal water channel aquaporin-3,J. Biol. Chem., 277, 17147-17153 (2002). (14) G. B. Jemec and H. C. Wulf, Correlation between the greasiness and the plasticizing effect of moisturizers, Acta Derm. Venereal., 79, 115-117 (1999). (15) G. B. Jemec, R. Na, et al., The inherent capacitance of moisturizing creams: A source of false positive results? Skin Pharmacol. Appl. Skin Physiol., 13, 182-187 (2000). (16) W. Wigger-Alberti and P. Elsner, "Barrier Creams and Emollients," in Handbook of Occupational Dermatology, L. Kanerva, P. Elsner, J.E. Wahlberg, and H. I. Maibach, Eds. (Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York, 2000), pp. 490--496. (17) A. M. Grunewald, M. Gloor, et al., Damage to the skin by repetitive washing, Contact Dermatitis, 32, 225-232 (1995). (18) W. Wigger-Alberti, U. Hinnen, et al., Predictive testing of metalworking fluids: A comparison of 2 cumulative human irritation models and correlation with epidemiological data, Contact Dermatitis, 36, 14-20 (1997). (19) W. Wigger-Alberti, A. Rougier, et al., Efficacy of protective creams in a modified repeated irritation test. Methodological aspects, Acta Derm. Venereal, 78, 270-273 (1998). (20) W. Wigger-Alberti, A. Krebs, et al., Experimental irritant contact dermatitis due to cumulative epicutaneous exposure to sodium lauryl sulphate and toluene: Single and concurrent application [In Process Citation}, Br.]. Dermatol., 143, 551-556 (2000). (21) P. J. Frosch, A. Kurte, et al., Efficacy of skin barrier creams (III): The repetitive irritation test (RIT) in humans, Contact Dermatitis, 29, 113-118 (1993). (22) P. J. Frosch, A. Schulze-Dirks, et al., Efficacy of skin barrier creams (I): The repetitive irritation test (RIT) in the guinea pig, Contact Dermatitis, 28, 94-100 (1993). (23) P. J. Frosch and A. Kurte, Efficacy of skin barrier creams (IV): The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of 4 standard irritants, Contact Dermatitis, 31, 161-168 (1994). (24) U. Berndt, W. Wigger-Alberti, et al., Efficacy of a barrier cream and its vehicle as protective measures against occupational irritant contact dermatitis, Contact Dermatitis, 42, 77-80 (2000). (25) W. Wigger-Alberti, B. Maraffio, et al., Self-application of a protective cram. Pitfalls of occupational skin protection, Arch. Dermatol., 133, 861-864 (1997). (26) K. De Paepe, M. P. Derde, et al., Claim substantiation and efficiency of hydrating body lotions and protective creams, Contact Dermatitis, 42, 227-234 (2000). (27) J. Bettinger, M. Gloor, et al., Influence of a pretreatment with emulsions on the dehydrating effect of the skin by surfactants, Int.]. Cosmet. Sci., 16, 53-60 (1994). (28) A. M. Grunewald, M. Gloor, et al., Efficacy of barrier creams, Curr. Prob!. Dermatol., 23, 187-197 (1995). (29) E. Held, S. Sveinsdottir, et al., Effect of long-term use of moisturizer on skin hydration, barrier function and susceptibility to irritants, Acta Denn. Venereal., 79, 49-51 (1999). (30) M. Gloor, A. Becker, et al., Triclosan, a topical dermatologic agent: In vitro and in vivo studies on the effectiveness of a new preparation in the New German Formulary, Hautarzt, 53, 724-729 (2002). (31) H. Zhai and H. I. Maibach, Moisturizers in preventing irritant contact dermatitis: An overview, Contact Dermatitis, 38, 241-244 (1998). (32) D. W. Ramsing and T. Agner, Preventive and therapeutic effects of a moisturizer. An experimental study of human skin, Acta Derm. Venereal., 77, 335-337 (1997). (33) C.R. Harding, A. Watkinson, et al., Dry skin, moisturization and corenodesmolysis, Int.]. Cosmet. Sci., 22, 21-52 (2000). (34) M. Denda, J. Sato, et al., Exposure to a dry environment enhances epidermal permeability barrier function,]. Invest. Dermatol., 111, 858-863 (1998).

ROLES OF VEHICLES FOR SKIN TREATMENT 203 (35) M. Denda, J. Sato, et al., Low humidity stimulates epidermal DNA synthesis and amplifies the hyperproliferative response to barrier disruption: Implication for seasonal exacerbations of inflam­ matory dermatoses,]. Invest. Dermatol., 111, 8 7 3-888 (1998). (36) J. Sato, C. Katagiri, et al., Drastic decrease in environmental humidity decreases water-holding capacity and free amino acid content of the stratum corneum, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 293, 477--480 (2001). (37) J. Sato, M. Denda, et al., Abrupt decreases in environmental humidity induce abnormalities in permeability barrier homeostasis,]. Invest. Dermatol., 119, 900-904 (2002). (38) M. Fartasch, E. Schnetz, et al., Characterization of detergent-induced barrier alterations-Effect of barrier cream on irritation,]. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 3, 121-127 (1998). (39) P. Thune, Evaluation of the hydration and the water-holding capacity in atopic skin and so-called dry skin, Acta Derm. Venereal. Suppl., 144, 133-135 (2000). (40) M. Loden, H. Olsson, et al., Friction, capacitance and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in dry atopic and normal skin, Br.]. Dermatol., 126, 137-141 (1992). (41) E. Berardesca, D. Fideli, et al., In vivo hydration and water-retention capacity of stratum corneum in clinically uninvolved skin in atopic and psoriatic patients, Acta Derm. Venereal., 70, 400--404 (1990). (42) A. Di Nardo, P. Wertz, et al., Ceramide and cholesterol composition of the skin of patients with atopic dermatitis, Acta Derm. Venereal., 78, 27-30 (1998). (43) W. Gehring, M. Gloor, et al., Predictive washing test for evaluation of individual eczema risk, Contact Dermatitis, 39, 8-13 (1998). (44) A. M. Grunewald, M. Gloor, et al., Barrier recompensation mechanisms, Curr. Prob!. Dermatol., 25, 206-213 (1996). (45) G. Imokawa, A. Abe, et al., Decreased level of ceramides in stratum corneum of atopic dermatitis: An etiologic factor in atopic dry skin?]. Invest. Dermatol., 96, 523-526 (1991). (46) J. Hara, K. Higuchi, et al., High-expression of sphingomyelin deacylase is an important determinant of ceramide deficiency leading to barrier disruption in atopic dermatitis,]. Invest. Dermatol., 115, 406--413 (2000). (47) K. Higuchi, J. Hara, et al., The skin of atopic dermatitis patients contains a novel enzyme, gluco­ sylceramide sphingomyelin deacylase, which cleaves the N-acyl linkage of sphingomyelin and glu­ cosylceramide, Biochem. ]., 350, 747-756 (2000). (48) H. Wirth, M. Gloor, et al., Sebaceous glands in uninvolved skin of patients suffering from atopic dermatitis, Arch. Dermatol. Res., 270, 167-169 (1981). (49) M. Fartasch and T. L. Diepgen, The barrier function in atopic dry skin: Disturbance of membrane­ coating granule exocytosis and formation of epidermal lipids? Acta Derm. Venereal., l 76(Suppl.), 26-31 (1992). (50) T. Ogawa, K. Katsuoka, et al., Comparative study of staphylococcal flora on the skin surface of atopic dermatitis patients and healthy subjects,]. Dermatol., 21, 453--460 (1994). (51) D. Abeck and M. Mempel, Staphylococcus aureus colonization in atopic dermatitis and its therapeutic implications, Br.]. Dermatol., 139(Suppl. 53), 13-16 (1998). (52) D. L. Breneman, J.M. Hanifin, et al., The effect of antibacterial soap with 1.5% triclocarban on Staphylococcus aureus in patients with atopic dermatitis, Cutis, 66, 296-300 (2000). (53) J. W. Fluhr, M. Gloor, et al., Glycerol accelerates recovery of barrier function in vivo, Acta Derm. Venereal., 79, 418--421 (1999). (54) M. Loden, A. C. Andersson, et al., Improvement in skin barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis after treatment with a moisturizing cram (Canoderm), Br. ]. Dermatol., 140, 264-267 (1999). (55) M. Q. Man, K. R. Feingold, et al., Exogenous lipids influence permeability barrier recovery in acetone-treated murine skin, Arch. Dermatol., 129, 728-738 (1993). (56) M. Mao-Qiang, B. E. Brown, et al., Exogenous nonphysiologic vs physiologic lipids: Divergent mechanisms for correction of permeability barrier dysfunction, Arch. Dermatol., 131, 809-816 (1995). (57) M. M. Man, K. R. Feingold, et al., Optimization of physiological lipid mixtures for barrier repair,]. Invest. Dermatol., 106, 1096-1101 (1996). (58) W. Gehring, T. Forssman, et al., Die keimreduzierende Wirkung von Erythromycin und Triclosan bei atopischer Dermatitis, Akt. Dermatol., 22, 28-31 (1996). (59) K. Sugimoto, H. Kuroki, et al., New successful treatment with disinfectant for atopic dermatitis, Dermatology, 195(Suppl. 2), 62-68 (1997).