430 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE Nymphaea tetragona of Jeju Plant" (Subject Number 2006-10027299), as the part of a regional specialization technique development project within a regional industry pro­ motional project of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry, and Energy. REFERENCES (1) A. M. Samud, M. Z. Asmawi, J. N. Sharma, and A. P. M. Yusof, Anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum asiaticum plant and its effect on bradykinin-induced contraction on isolated uterus, Immunopharmacol­ ogy, 43, 311-316 (1999). (2) S. 0. Okpo, F. Fatokun, and 0. 0. Adeyemi, Analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity of Crinum glaucum aqueous extract,]. Ethnopharmacol., 78, 207-211 (2001). (3) S. Yui, M. Mikami, M. Kitahara, and M. Yamazaki, The inhibitory effect of lycorine on tumor cell apoptosis induced by polymorphonuclear leukocyte-derived calprotectin, lmmunopharmacology, 40, 151-162 (1998). (4) S. Yui, M. Mikami, Y. Mimaki, Y. Sashida, and M. Yamazaki, Inhibition effect of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, lycorine and lycoricidinol on macrophage TNF-production, Yakgaku Zasshi, 121(2), 167- 171 (2001). (5) F. Denizot and R. Lang, Rapid colorimetric assay for cell growth and survival: Modifications to the tetrazolium dye procedure giving improved sensitivity and reliability,]. lmmunol. Meth., 89, 271-277 (1986). (6) L. C. Green, D. A. Wagner, J. Glogowski, P. L. Skipper, J. S. Wishnok, and S. R. Tannenbaum, Analysis of nitrate, nitrite and [ 1 5 N}-nitrate in biological fluids, Anal. Biochem., 126, 131-138 (1982). (7) G. Dickneite, H-U. Schorlemmer, and H-H. Sedlacek, Use of lycorine as an immunosuppressor, US Patent 4,699,912 (1987). (8) R. G. Knowles and S. Moncada, Nitric oxide synthases in mammals, Biochem.J., 298, 249-258 (1994). (9) H. Cheong, E. J. Choi, G. S. Yoo, K-M Kim, and S. Y. Ryu, Desacetylmatricarin, an anti-allergic component from Taraxacum Platycarpum, Planta Med., 64, 577-578 (1998). (10) H. A. Shelanski and M. V. Shelanski, A New technique of human patch tests, Proc. Sci. Sect. Toilet Goods Assoc., 19, 46-49 (1953). (11) D.S. Wilkinson et al., Terminology of contact dermatitis, Acta Derm. Venereal., 50, 287-292 (1970). (12) H. T. Chung, H. 0. Pae, B. M. Choi, T. R. Billiar, and Y. M. Kim, Nitric oxide as a bioregulator of apoptosis, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 282, 1075-1079 (2001). (13) K. Xie, lnterleukin-8 and human cancer biology, Cytokine Growth Factor Rev., 12, 375-391 (2001). (14) M. Karin, Y. Cao, F. R. Greten, and Z. W. Li, NF-kappaB in cancer: From innocent bystander to major culprit. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 2, 301-310 (2002). (15) E. Loukinova, Z. Chen, C. Van Waes, and G. Dong, Expression of proangiogenic chemokine Gro 1 in low and high metastatic variants of Pam murine squamous cell carcinoma is differentially regulated by IL-1 alpha, EGF, and TGF-[31 through NF-KB dependent and independent mechanisms, Int.]. Cancer, 94, 637-644 (2001). (16) J. R. Vane and R. M. Botting, Anti-inflammatory drugs and their mechanism of action, Inflamm. Res., 47(Suppl 2), S78-S87 (1998). (17) L.B.Schwartz, R. A. Lewis, D. Seldin, and K. F. Austen, Acid hydrolases and tryptase from secretory granules of dispersed human lung mast cells, J. Immunol., 126(4), 1290-1294 (1981). (18) M. J. Fischer, J. J. Paulussen, D. A. Horbach, E. P. Roelofsen, J. C. van Miltenburg, N. J. de Mol, and L. H. Janssen, Inhibition of mediator release in RBL-2H3 cells by some H 1 -antagonist derived anti-allergic drugs: Relation to lipophilicity and membrane effects, Inflamm. Res., 44, 92-97 (1995).

]. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 431-440 (September/October 2008) Red pigment from Lithospermum erythrorhizon by supercritical CO 2 extraction HWA-YOUNG LEE, YOON-JUNG KIM, EUN-JUNG KIM, YOUNG-KEUN SONG, and SANG YO BYUN, Cosmetic R&D Center, Amore Pacific Inc., Yongin, Gyeonggi, 449-729, Republic of Korea (H.-Y.L., Y.:f.K., E.:f.K.) and Department of Molecular Science & Technology, (Y.-K.S., S. Y.B.) and Applied Biotechnology Program, Graduate School, (S. Y.B.), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi, 443-749, Republic of Korea. Accepted for publication April 9, 2008. Synopsis In this study, a stable red pigment was prepared from Lithospermum erythrorhizon via supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. The optimal extraction conditions were 400 bar and 60 ° C. The patch tests indicated that up to 10% of the red pigment was acceptable from a skin irritation standpoint. According to the results of the CIE LAB chromaticity test, the color difference was acceptable when compared to commercial synthetic red pigments. The light-illuminated color stability test indicated that the pigment was more stable than the red pigment extracted with ethanol. The higher stability was also demonstrated in the DPPH antioxidant activity test. The supercritical red pigment harbored elevated amounts of shikonin and derivatives, and appears to be usable as a stable red pigment for cosmetic color products. INTRODUCTION Lithospermum erythrorhizon Sieb. et Zucc., a traditional Chinese medicinal perennial herb, harbors shikonin and shikonin derivatives, which exert many beneficial effects, including wound-healing, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antitumor, antidiabetes, and antiviral effects (1-3). Shikonin accumulates solely in the roots of the plant, and is one of the primary bioactive components that can be utilized in clinical settings (4,5). The prin­ cipal derivatives in the roots include acetyl shikonin, shikonin, alkanin, and other shikonin derivatives. Shikonin and alkanin are both naphthaquinone dyes with an in­ tense red color. In Japan, in 1983, the first commercial shikonin production system was initiated in a bioreactor for plant cell cultures, and certain shikonin-based perfumery/ cosmetic goods began to be produced. The chemical and consumer characteristics of shikonin generated via biotechnological methods are analogous to those in the shikonin extracted from intact plants (6,7). Address all correspondence to Sang Yo Byun. 431