DPPH FREE-RADICAL SCAVENGING ABILITY 515 Table II DPPH Radical Scavenging Activity and Total Phenolic Content of the Forty-Five Essential Oils DPPH radical Total scavenging phenolic content No. Name Scientific name activity (% )* (10 mg of GAE/g)* Basil Ocimum basilicum 19.82 ± 0.002 11 ± 0.168 2 Bergamot Cutrus aurantium var. bergamia 20.28 ± 0.007 14 ± 1.062 3 Cajeput ambon Melaleuca cajeputi 21.35 ± 0.010 18 ± 0.378 4 Camphor C innamomum camphor a 18.67 ± 0.011 13 ± 0.132 5 Cardamom Elettaia cardamomum 17.67 ± 0.000 13 ± 0.603 6 Cedarwood atlas Cedrus atlantica 19.27 ± 0.037 26 ± 5.332 7 Cinnamon leaf Cinnamomum zeylanicum 96.74 ± 0.004 4200 ± 0.834 8 Clary sage Salvia sclarea 15.34 ± 0.004 14 ± 1.460 9 Clove bud Eugenia caryophyllata 96.12 ± 0.002 4800 ± 1.968 10 Coriander Coriandrum sativum 11.97 ± 0.003 10 ± 0.217 11 Cypress Cupressus sempervirens 10.97 ± 0.021 17 ± 1.249 12 Everlasting Helichrysum italicum 34.48 ± 0.047 74 ± 1.642 13 Fennel Foeniculum vulgare 13.22 ± 0.016 16 ± 1.764 14 Frankincense Boswellia carterii 11.87 ± 0.023 20 ± 0.564 15 Geranium Pelargonium graveolen 14.77 ± 0.024 15 ± 1.038 16 Ginger Zingiber officinale 18.42 ± 0.018 16 ± 1.584 17 Grapefruit Citrus X paradisi 10.20 ± 0.030 12 ± 1.181 18 Jasmine absolute Jasminum grandiflorum 93.14 ± 0.005 360 ± 0.084 19 Juniperberry J uniperus communis 7.49 ± 0.041 14 ± 0.391 20 Lemon Citrus limon 9.57 ± 0.023 15 ± 0.240 21 Lemon eucalyptus Eucalyptus citriodors 24.33 ± 0.009 12 ± 0.743 22 Mandarin Citrus reticulats 7.00 ± 0.002 14 ± 1.881 23 Myrrh Commiphora molmol 46.27 ± 0.048 75 ± 1.942 24 Myrtle dalmatian Mytus communis 10.80 ± 0.010 17±1.260 25 N eroli bigarade Citrus aurantium 7.95 ± 0.019 16 ± 1.121 26 Nutmeg M yristica fr a gr ans 78.69 ± 0.043 62 ± 5.235 27 Orange bitter Citrus aurantium 7.94 ± 0.005 13 ± 0.444 28 Orange sweet Citrus sunensis 6.07 ± 0.017 13 ± 0.644 29 Pepper black Piper nigrum 5.13 ± 0.011 17 ± 3.325 30 Pennyroyal pulegone Mentha pulefium 24.35 ± 0.057 23 ± 1.313 31 Peppermint arvensis, whole Mentha arvensis 11.02 ± 0.009 58 ± 0.589 32 Pine Pinus sylvestris 6.11 ± 0.017 69 ± 3.332 33 Ravensara Ravensara aromatica 7.20 ± 0.015 17 ± 1.022 34 Rose geranium Pelargonium graveolens l' her 12.57 ± 0.042 16 ± 0.842 35 Rosemary Moroccan Rosmarinus officinalis 10.28 ± 0.006 14 ± 1.321 36 Rosewood Aniba rosaeodora 11.30 ± 0.041 10 ± 0.261 37 Sage Salvia offcinalis 8.70 ± 0.009 16 ± 0.936 38 Sandalwood, East Indian Santalum album 11.58 ± 0.014 74±2.518 39 Smith eucalyptus Eucalyptus smithii 6.59 ± 0.006 45 ± 1.841 40 Tea tree bush still Melaleuca alternifolis 10.09 ± 0.017 107 ± 1.802 41 Thyme red Thymus vulgaris 92.29 ± 0.002 2700 ± 0.977 42 Vetiver Vetiveria zizanioides 78.82 ± 0.009 65 ± 1.711 43 Wintergreen Gaultheria procumbens 8.83 ± 0.009 36 ± 9.665 44 Yarrow Achillea mellefolium 55.32 ± 0.033 480 ± 9.437 45 Ylang Ylang Cananga odorata 80.06 ± 0.020 72 ± 1.224 * Values are mean ± SD (n = 3).

516 JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 100 80 :� 60 c,;S '@) 40 ---Cinnamon leaf --o--Oove bud c,;S 20 VJ ----+-BHA 0 0 10 50 100 150 200 Concentration (µg/mL) Figure 2. DPPH radical scavenging activity in different concentrations of cinnamon leaf essential oil, clove bud essential oil, and BHA. 100 � e..., 80 -- Jasmine absolute :� 60 --o--Thyme red ----+-BHA CQ '6i) 40 CQ 20 VJ 0 0 100 500 1000 1500 2000 Concentration (µg/mL) Figure 3. DPPH radical scavenging activity in different concentration of jasmine absolute essential oil, thyme red essential oil, and BHA. following order: eugenol cinnamon leaf essential oil cx-pinene �-caryophyllene and that the eugenol is the major component of the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity in cinnamon leaf essential oil. In the previous report, the pure eugenol and the equiva­ lent mass of eugenol from basil (Ocimum basilicum 1.) essential oil show similar DPPH free-radical scavenging activity (2 5 ). In Table IV, three major chemical compositions of clove bud are shown to be detected by GC-MS. We detected eugenol (82.32%), eugenol acetate (11.17%), and �­ caryophyllen (4.75%). To investigate the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity of the three major components in clove bud essential oil, the following experiments were conducted. In a concentration of 0.1 mg/ml, pure eugenol, �-caryophyllene, eugenol acetate, and clove bud essential oil were employed in an experiment on the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity. In Figure 5, it is clear that the DPPH free-radical scavenging activity is in the following order: eugenol clove bud essential oil eugenol