JOURNAL OF COSMETIC SCIENCE 374 Maceration of fresh gardenia using absolute ethanol, petroleum ether, and n-hexane gave fragrant oil extracts with different appearances. Although all of the concretes were viscous semisolids, absolute ethanol concrete was the least colored. In contrast, the concretes from extractions with nonpolar solvents were colored (Table I). The aroma sample of enfl eurage yielded a slightly colored absolute de enfl eurage with an obvious scent of gardenia. All of the gardenia aroma extracts were comparatively analyzed, as shown in Table II. The volatile profi les of concretes from different solvents differed, possibly because of bioconversion that can occur during the picking and extraction processes (10). The gardenia fl ower waxes of palmitic acid, E-5,10-secocholest-1(10)-en-3,5-dione, stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol, and γ-sitosterol were extracted using absolute ethanol, along with the fl avoring substance 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol. In contrast, the concrete from petro- leum ether and n-hexane gave linalool, Z-3-hexenyl tiglate, and guaiol as the main aroma contributions, while ethyl linoleate and bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-1(9)-ene were detected in the Table II Volatile Profi les (%) of Gardenia Aroma Extracts Compound RT Sample 1 2 3 4 E-3,7-Dimetyl-1,3,6-octatriene 6.81 - 0.39 - 0.28 L-Linalool 8.21 - 2.34 2.17 - 1H-Indole 12.98 - - - 0.15 2-Methoxy-4-vinylphenol 13.35 0.66 - - - Z-3-Hexenyl tiglate 13.52 - 1.64 1.01 0.42 6-(Pent-2’-enyl)-tetrahydropyran-2-one 16.90 - 0.76 - - E,E-α-Farnesene 17.09 - - - 0.60 2,4-di-t-Butylphenol 17.22 - 0.52 - - Z-3-Hexenyl benzoate 18.25 - - - 0.22 Guaiol 18.78 - 1.73 0.83 - Ethyl linoleate 23.19 - - 1.05 - Bicyclo[4.3.1]dec-1(9)-ene 23.29 - - 2.78 - Palmitic acid 24.17 1.18 - - - E-9-Octadecene 25.11 - - - 0.12 Linoleic acid 46.44 - 0.78 - - E-5,10-Secocholest-1(10)-en-3,5-dione 47.52 1.75 - - - Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol 48.35 1.75 - - - γ-Sitosterol 49.97 2.45 - - - Table I Appearances and Extractive Yields of G. jasminoids fl ower oil Sample Appearance No. Name 1 Concrete Absolute ethanol Yellow viscous semisolid 2 Petroleum ether Deep yellow viscous semisolid 3 n-Hexane Greenish yellow viscous semisolid 4 Absolute de enfl eurage Pale viscous liquid with fresh gardenia odor

VOLATILE PROFILE AND SENSORY PROPERTY OF GARDENIA JASMINOIDES 375 Table III Sensory Evaluation of Each Gardenia Extracts in 43 Volunteers Sample Likert score Satisfaction Intensity Concrete Absolute ethanol 2.53 ± 0.15 2.79 ± 0.20 Petroleum ether 2.33 ± 0.16 4.28 ± 0.13 n-Hexane 2.23 ± 0.18 4.12 ± 0.13 Absolute de enfl eurage 3.72 ± 0.15 2.74 ± 0.13 n-hexane concrete. In the absolute de enfl eurage, farnesene was the most prominent, fol- lowed by Z-3-hexenyl tiglate, E-3,7-dimethyl-1,3,6-octatriene, Z-3-hexenyl benzoate, in- dole, and E-9-octadecene. These aroma extracts were thereafter submitted for preliminary evaluation for sensory response by a small group of volunteers. The preliminary preference tests of the gardenia fl ower oil extracts were conducted with 43 Thai volunteers using the Likert scale (Table III). All of the concretes received lesser approval from the volunteers because of their high intensities. Although the absolute ethanol concrete was best among the solvent-extracted fragrant oils with the intensity close to the absolute de enfl eurage, the preference was signifi cantly (p 0.05) lower. In contrast, the approval for the absolute de enfl eurage was obvious. The nuance of the aro- matic fl oral odor of the enfl eurage may come from other aroma compounds that were not detected in the concretes. Therefore, the odor similarity of the absolute de enfl eurage was compared with fresh gardenia in a larger group of 152 volunteers that included a variety of age groups (Table IV). Absolute de enfl eurage using spermaceti wax mixed with palm oil was evaluated for odor quality in terms of preference and difference compared with the fresh gardenia fl ower. Thai volunteers (male and female, 76 each) with the different age ranges (Table IV) were included in the study. Fragrant sample 4 (absolute de enfl eurage from palm oil) gained high preference in male and female volunteers, and this preference was consistent across all ages. While female volunteers liked sample 4 more (p = 0.01) than the male volun- teers, no signifi cant difference in preference was observed for different age ranges. The aroma extract was also compared with fresh gardenia odor, but volunteers insignifi cantly Table IV Odor Quality of Fardenia Aroma Extracts Demography Preference Difference Gender n Means p Means p Male 76 3.74 ± 0.07 0.01 3.12 ± 0.09 0.23 Female 76 4.01 ± 0.06 3.26 ± 0.08 Age (years) 16–25 38 3.87 ± 0.13 0.61 3.55 ± 0.09 0.00 26–35 37 4.00 ± 0.13 3.46 ± 0.11 36–45 39 3.79 ± 0.10 3.00 ± 0.12 45 38 3.84 ± 0.10 2.76 ± 0.11