450 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS While there is no control over the oxidative processes which occur in collagen systems (and they may not be desirable over long periods of time), factors such as the concentration of ascorbic acid and inorganic ions in tissue fluid can vary for a variety of dietary and environmental reasons and hence be a root of problems in aging and senescence. REFERENCES (1) F. M. Sinex, The role of collagen in ageing, in Treatise on Collagen, Vol. II, Part B, ed. B. S. Gould (Academic Press, New York, 1968), pp 409-448. (2) D. A. Hall, The Ageing of Connective Tissue (Academic Press, New York, 1968). (3) B.J. Rigby, Increases with time in the thermal stability of rat tail tendon stored in 0.9% NaCl, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 140, 548-551 (1967). (4) T. W. Mitchell and B.J. Rigby, In vivo and in vitro ageing of collagen examined using an isometric melting technique, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 393,531-541 (1975). (5) B.J. Rigby, T. W. Mitchell, and M. S. Robinson, Oxygen participation in the in vivo and in vitro ageing of collagen fibrils, Biochem. Biophys. Research CornBun., 79, 400-405 (1977). (6) J. Gross, Influence of time on the reversible association between large molecules: The collagen system, Nature, 181,556 (1958). (7) S. P. Robins and A.J. Bailey, Some observations on the ageing in vitro of reprecipitated collagen fibres, Biochem. Biophys. Acta., 492, 408-414 (1977). (8) N. D. Light and A.J. Bailey, Covalent crosslinks in collagen: Characterisation and relationships to connective tissue disorders, in Fibrous Proteins: Scientific, Industrial and Medical Aspects, Vol. I, ed. D. A.D. Parry and L. K. Creamer (Academic Press, New York, 1980), pp 151-177. (9) J.P. Payne and D. W. Hill, eds., A Symposium on Oxygen Measurements in Blood and Tissues and Their Significance (J. & A. Churchill Ltd., London, 1966). (10) B.J. Rigby and T. W. Mitchell, Rubber-like behaviour of melted tendon as a function of in vivo and in vitro age, in press. (11) P.J. Flory, Principles of Polymer Chemistry (Cornell University Press, New York, 1953), Chapter 11. (12) B.J. Rigby, unpublished data. (13) G. G. Olsen and A. V. Everitt, Retardation of the ageing process in collagen fibres from the tail tendon of the old hypophysectomized rat, Nature, 206, 307-308 (1965). (14) J. S. Giles and A. V. Everitt, The role of the thyroid and food intake in the ageing of collagen fibres. I. In the young rat, Gerontologia, 13, 65-69 (1967). (15) A. V. Everitt, J. S. Giles, and A. Gal, The role of the thyroid and food intake in the ageing of collagen fibres. II. In the old rat, Gerontologia, 15,366-373 (1969). (16) M. Chvapil and Z. Hruza, The influence of ageing and undernutrition on chemical contractability and relaxation of collagen fibres in rats, Gerontologia, 3, 241-252 (1959). (17) A. V. Everitt, M.J. Seedsman, and F. Jones, The effects of hypophysectomy and continuous food restriction, begun at ages 70 and 400 days, on collagen ageing, proteinuria, incidence of pathology and longevity in the male rat, Mechanisms of Ageing and Development, 12, 161-172 (1980). (18) J. R. Brobeck, ed., Physiological Basis of Medicine (Williams and Watkins, Baltimore, 1973), Sect. 7, Endocrine control systems. (19) C.J. Bates, The function and metabolism of vitamin C in man, in Vitamin C, ed.J.N. Counsell and D. H. Hornig (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981), pp 1-22. (20) B. S. Gould, The role of certain vitamins in collagen formation, in Treatise on Collagen, Vol. II, Part A, ed. B. S. Gould (Academic Press, London, 1968), pp 323-365. (21) T. T. Irvin, Vitamin C in surgical patients, in Vitamin C, ed.J.N. Counsell and D. H. Hornig (Applied Science Publishers, London, 1981), pp 283-298. (22) B.J. Rigby and T. W. Mitchell, In vitro studies of the interaction between ascorbic acid and rat tail tendon, Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 544, 62-68, 1978. (23) C. H. Best and N. B. Taylor, in Physiological Basis of Medicine, 6th Ed. (Willaims and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1955). (24) P. H. von Hippel, Structure and stabilization of the collagen molecule in solution, in Treatise on Collagen, Vol. I, ed. G. N. Ramachandran (Academic Press, London, 1968), pp 326-335.
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