HAIR DAMAGE 51 with one of the conditioning shampoos (shampoo 5) showed significantly less protein loss during combing relative too all three leading-brand "stand-alone" conditioners tested. However, no significant differences in protein loss were observed in the condi- tioner-treated hair, suggesting that these conditioners are very similar with respect to hair protection during combing. Additional studies using three different shampoos on four different hair types, namely, Caucasian, Asian, Oriental, and Negroid hair, show that the methodology can be applied to assess post-shampoo hair damage during comb- ing regardless of the hair type. Finally, studies also show a significant increase in protein loss from hair during combing following chemical treatments, namely, permanent waving and bleaching. This suggests that chemically damaged hair is more susceptible to further damage from combing. Furthermore, the data indicate that chemical damage to hair not only makes hair more susceptible to combing damage but presumably also changes its substantivity towards different conditioners. Half-head studies, which provide a side-by-side comparison of the relative efficacy of two of the test products under real-life conditions, also showed significant differences in protein loss during combing from hair shampooed with the different shampoos. These clinical studies directly confirm our laboratory findings, suggesting that laboratory results from protein loss measurements can reflect "real-life" damage to hair during combing. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We sincerely thank Mr. Nailesh Bhatt, Ms. Sharon E. Benashski, and Ms. Shuchi N. Kiri, intern students from Rutgers University, New Brunswick, N J, for their technical assistance during the course of these studies. REFERENCES (1) J. A. Swift and A. C. Brown, The critical determination of fine changes in the surface architecture of human hair due to cosmetic treatments, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 23, 695-702 (1972). (2) M. L. Garcia, J. A. Epps, and R. S. Yare, Normal cuticle-wear patterns in human hair, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 29, 155-175 (1978). (3) I. J. Kaplan, A. Schwan, and H. Zahn, Effects of cosmetic treatments on the ultrastructure of hair, Cosmet. Toiletr., 97, 22-26 (1982). (4) S. Kelly and V. N. E. Robinson, The effect of grooming on the hair cuticle, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. 33, 203-215 (1982). (5) T. Kambe, Synopsis of papers from the 6th International Hair Science Symposium of the German Wool Research Institute, Luneberg, Germany (1988). (6) M. M. Breuer, G. X. Gikas, and I. T. Smith, Physical chemistry of hair conditioning, Cosmet. Toiletr., 94, 29-34 (1979). (7) M. L. Garcia and J. Diaz, Combability measurements on human hair, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 27, 379-398 (1976). (8) A. M. Schwartz and D. C. Knowles, Frictional effects in human hair, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 14, 455-463 (1963). (9) R. Beyak, F. Meyer, and G. Kass, Elasticity and tensile properties of human hair. I. Single fiber test method, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 20, 615-626 (1969). (10) C. Robbins and J. Crawford, Cuticle damage and the tensile properties of human hair, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 42, 59-67 (1991). (11) W. Waggoner and G. V. Scott, Instrumental method for the determination of hair raspiness, J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem., 17, 171-179 (1966).

52 JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY OF COSMETIC CHEMISTS (12) S.S. Sandhu and C. Robbins, A simple and sensitive technique, based on protein loss measurements, to assess surface damage to human hair, J. $oc. Cosmet. ½hem., 44, 163-175 (1993). (13) O. H. Lowry, N.J. Rosenbrough, A. L. Fart, and R. J. Rendall, Protein measurements with Folin phenol reagent, J. Biol. ½hem., 193, 265-275 (1951). (14) W. J. Conover, Practical Nonparametric Statistics (Wiley, New York, 1980), pp. 299-308. (15) G. W. Snedecor and W. G. Cochran, in Statistical Methods, 7th ed. (Iowa State University Press, 1980), pp. 141-142. (16) V. N. Robinson, A study of damaged hair, J. $oc. Cosmet. Chem., 27, 155-171 (1976). (17) C. R. Robbins, Chemical and Physical Behavior of Human Hair, 3rd ed. (Springer-Verlag, New York, 1994), p. 355.